安魂曲
[个人文集]
加入时间: 2004/02/14
文章: 12787
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作者：安魂曲 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
第一、非执法机构当然有权指责他人“抄袭”，不然学校老师也就无法认定惩罚抄袭的学生了；
第二、有关认定学生抄袭的重要一个特征就是：“if these quotations were not clearly identified as to his or her source, then the student would be guilty of plagiarism”，也就是说如果你不clearly identif你的文字来源，那么哪怕你公开引用没有版权的资料也属于抄袭行为，更不要说你引用他人在著名传媒公开发表、声明版权的署名文章，仅仅事后辨称作者和你曾共享什么创作思想了。
第三、本坛作为一个鼓励原创、同时承担知识产权保护义务（这一点很重要：斑竹既然已经错误将草文作为原创提导，从法律角度来说论坛也就可能成为侵权的指控对象）的中文论坛，完全有权和学校不欢迎学生抄袭他人一样坚决制止、警告那些明显的抄袭他人文章行为----事实上提导斑竹指责草庵居士抄袭，就和杂志编辑公开声明此前错登他人文章属于抄袭一样，均属保护商业机构自身利益免收抄袭行为侵犯的正常之举，这一行为本身是否触犯法律，归根结底还要看抄袭的指控本身是否能够成立，而这一点本坛已经具备了足够证据，绝不怕和草庵居士法庭对质。
当年马悲鸣被郑义编辑公开指控“左右互搏”，要说证据确凿，那可比指控抄袭要难上百倍（马悲鸣始终可以辨称贺文真有其人，要求郑义举证；但抄袭的认定，哪怕学生事后解释说引用原作根本是他自己在别处用其他名字发表的，也只能怪他自己，丝毫不能证明当初学校对其抄袭指控的根本违法）。。。可郑义就居然在公开出版的杂志上对马悲鸣做出这样的揭露，按草庵的奇怪说法，郑义早就成了“滥用公权力”的违法犯罪分子不是？
另外我奇怪的就是：草庵自己此前公开指控本坛内部某人和大陆有关方面有勾结，这可直接构成了对本坛的明确造谣诽谤。。。怎么他对这件事却忘了个一干二净呢？总不成说，你草庵明明抄袭了还不许别人说，别人连影都没有“和大陆勾结”谣言，你却可以随便公开大造特造吧？！
Plagiarism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from Plagiarize)
Plagiarism refers to the use of another's ideas, information, language, or writing, when done without proper acknowledgment of the original source. Essential to an act of plagiarism is an element of dishonesty in attempting to pass off the plagiarised work as original. Plagiarism is not necessarily the same as copyright infringement, which occurs when one violates copyright law. Like most terms from the area of intellectual property, plagiarism is a concept of the modern age and not really applicable to medieval or ancient works.
Contents [hide]
1 Definition
2 Famous examples of plagiarism
3 Plagiarism and the Internet
4 Old maxim
5 See also
6 External links
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Definition
There is some difference of opinion over how much credit must be given when preparing a newspaper article or historical account. Generally, reference is made to original source material as much as possible, and writers avoid taking credit for others' work.
The use of mere facts, rather than works of creative expression, does not constitute plagiarism. For the latter, the issue of public domain works versus copyrighted works is irrelevant to the concept of plagiarism. For instance, it is legal for a student to copy several paragraphs (or even pages) of text from a public domain book, such as Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and then directly add these quotations to his or her own paper. However if these quotations were not clearly identified as to his or her source, then the student would be guilty of plagiarism, using another writer's work as if it were his or her own. High schools, colleges and universities are especially sensitive to plagiarism, and as a result, they have academic codes of ethics (honor codes) which prohibit plagiarism in all its forms.
Similarly, it is considered plagiarism to take the specifics of someone else's novel idea, and then present it as one's own work. This type of plagiarism frequently occurs in high schools, colleges and universities, when, for example, students use the analyses in "CliffsNotes" and falsely present them as being their own original analysis. A small market has emerged of web sites offering essays and papers for sale to students, while a counter-industry has developed of companies offering services for instructors to compare a student's papers to a database of sources and search for potential plagiarism.
Moreover, just as there can be plagiarism without lawbreaking, it's possible to violate copyright law without plagiarizing. For example, one could distribute the full text of a current bestseller on the Internet while giving clear credit for it to the original author, financially damaging the author and publisher. In this respect, the mere fact that a piece of text is not plagiarized may not suffice to justify its use.
According to some academic ethics codes and criminal laws, a complaint of plagiarism may be initiated or proven by any person. The person originating the complaint need not be the owner of the plagiarized content, nor need there be any active or passive communication from a content owner directing that any investigation or discipline process be initiated in response to the plagiarism.
It is not plagiarism when two (or more) people independently come up with the same idea or analysis.
There is also accidental plagiarism. One case involved a boy whose mother had repeatedly read to him a story as a very small child. Later in life he was writing a story for an assignment, and a story 'came to him', but the story turned out to be exactly that which his mother had read to him as a small child, though he had no recollection of her reading it to him.
According to Diana Hacker, the citation criteria as specified by the MLA (Modern Language Association) (115), APA (American Psychological Association) (157-158), Chicago-Style (186), and others (228-230): "Three different acts are considered plagiarism: (1) failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, (2) failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and (3) failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words." A Pocket Style Manual, 4h ed., 2004 Bedford/St. Martin's
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Famous examples of plagiarism
Helen Keller was accused of plagiarism as a young girl for a school composition. Mortified, she determined to have all future compositions screened by her friends before submission.
According to a Boston University investigation into academic misconduct, Martin Luther King plagiarized approximately one third of his doctoral thesis. He also appropriated others' text, without credit, for his famous speeches, including "I Have A Dream".
George Harrison was successfully sued for plagiarizing (though perhaps unconsciously) the Chiffons' "He's So Fine" for the melody of his own "My Sweet Lord". [1]
George later wrote a bitter-lyric song on the subject. Ironically, he also "plagiarized" himself at least once, as the introductory chord for The Beatles' I'm Looking Through You is nearly identical to the introductory chord from End of the Line by his group The Traveling Wilburies.
Senator Joseph Biden was forced to withdraw from the 1988 Democratic Presidential nominations when it was revealed that he had failed a course in law school due to plagiarism. It was also shown that he had copied several campaign speeches, notably those of British Labour leader Neil Kinnock and Senator Robert F. Kennedy [2].
Popular historian Stephen Ambrose has been criticized for incorporating passages from the works of other authors into many of his books.
Psychology professor René Diekstra, also well-known as author of popular books, left Leiden University in 1997 after accusations of plagiarism. Proceedings continued as of 2003, with Diekstra contesting a report about him on this matter.
Alex Haley was permitted to settle out-of-court for $650,000, having admitted that he copied large passages of his novel Roots from The African by Harold Courlander.
Eres tú, Spanish song at the Eurovision Song Contest 1973 was a plagiarism of Slovenian (then Yugoslav) song from ESC 1966 (Berta Ambrož: Brez Besed) but due to political reasons (Cold War) it wasn't disqualified.
Jayson Blair, then a reporter for the New York Times, plagiarized many articles and faked quotes in high-profile stories, including the Jessica Lynch and Beltway sniper attacks cases. He and several high-ranking editors from the Times resigned in June 2003.
In 2003, the United Kingdom Government was accused [3] of copying some text from the work of a post-graduate student for its security dossier on Iraq, dubbed by the media the 'dodgy dossier'.
Though apparently never challenged in court, the first two lines of the famous Popeye theme song are nearly identical to the first two lines of the "Pirate King" song in Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, The Pirates of Penzance.
The doctoral thesis written by Kimberly Lanegran at the University of Florida was copied nearly verbatim by Marks Chabedi and submitted at the New School. When Lanegran discovered this, she launched an investigation into Chabedi, and he was fired from a professorship at University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, and New School revoked his Ph.D.
Kim Lanegran's account of this incident published in the Chronicle of Higher Education
A retraction issued by a scholarly journal that published an article Chabedi plagiarized
(For those who wish to look up the actual dissertations in Dissertation Abstracts Online, the OCLC number for Lanegran's dissertation is AAG9801108 and the OCLC number for Chabedi's "dissertation" is AAI9980001.)
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Plagiarism and the Internet
The widespread use of the Internet has increased the incidence of plagiarism. Students are able to use search engines to locate information on a wide range of topics. Once located, this information can be cut-and-pasted into their own documents with minimal effort. The size of the Internet makes it difficult for teachers to trace the source of plagiarised material.
There are also websites which provide complete essays for students to download. These websites provide a database of subject-specific topics; some provide custom-made essays on any topic (for a fee). Some of the largest fee-based term paper sites are: Valedictorian Essays, Go2Essay, Fast Papers, AcaDemon, Custom Research Papers, EssayToday, Essay Town and Research Assistance.
The Internet can also be used to combat plagiarism. Teachers can use search engines to search for parts of suspicious essays. Using search engines to check papers for plagiarism, however, is neither practical nor effective since teachers lack the time necessary to check each paper by hand using an online search engine. For this reason, many teachers have turned to plagiarism prevention services like Turnitin that automate the search process and check essays for plagiarised material by comparing each paper against millions of online sources. The techniques used in such engines are often based on variants of the Rabin-Karp string search algorithm. Despite these counteractions, some empirical evidence suggests that the overall effect of the Internet is to increase plagiarism.
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Old maxim
It is sometimes humorously said that "copying from one source is plagiarism, copying from several sources is research". Of course, this is not literally true, because all good researchers do cite their sources. Regardless, the old maxim/joke is part of this self-defining example of this topic, having been cribbed from Tom Lehrer's 1953 song Lobachevsky:
Plagiarize!
Let no one else's work evade your eyes!
Remember why the good Lord made your eyes!
So don't shade your eyes
But plagiarize, plagiarize, plagiarize!
Only be sure always to call it, please, "research"!
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See also
Credit (creative arts)
Fair use
Scientific misconduct
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External links
Plagiarism FAQ
Plagiarism and similar sounding songs - this page is in German, but is mostly a large table of songs that can easily be read by English speakers
The Responsible Plagiarist: Understanding Students Who Misuse Sources (PDF)
University of Indiana at Bloomington: Understanding Plagiarism
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"
作者：安魂曲 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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作者: 草庵居士 致罕见论坛狼协主席的公开信(请有心之士将此文转到该论坛)
