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作者：和合 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
用英式法制的案例法对六四事件进行分析
和合
网上对六四事件的争论主要集中在如下几个问题：
1。六四是民主运动还是反革命暴乱？
2。六四学生是否违法？
3。镇压学运是否违法？
有人发表文章说明，六四学生并不是是反革命暴乱，所以，
镇压学运是非法的。我认为，并不是只有"反革命暴乱"才应该镇压。
只要示威者有任何其他的违法行为，就都可以强制执法，或者镇压。
根据美国的案例，只要民众对执法的警察进行拉扯，
警察就有权力进行强制执法。包括使用警棍和其他器械。
这个案例大家都应该很熟悉。就是在纽约发生的，
某华人老人，由於对警察开停车的罚单不满，从而对警察
进行拉扯。结果立即被警察打倒。
可见，违法的行为并不是非要达到"反革命暴乱"的程度，
执法者才可以采取强制措施。事实上，只要达到了扰乱社会
秩序的程度，或者抗拒执法的程度，就可以采取强制执法了。
当然武力镇压是强制的一种。是否过分，那是另外一个问题。
就象美国在伊拉克的行动一样。是否应该出兵伊拉克是一个
问题，而在对待囚犯上是否违法，则是另外一个问题。
也就是说，六四问题是可以划分为二个法律问题的。
第一是，镇压是否合法。
第二是，镇压的过程是否过度。
对於第一个问题，根据事实我们可以判断出，(我就不一一列出
具体事实了。)
一。学生对政府的正常运行程序进行了干扰和强迫。
420事件冲击中南海是完全违法的行为。
64前，占领广场，强迫政府承认420是什么性质的运行，
强迫政府对话，强迫政府接受条件，也是违法的。
在广场修建雕像是违法的。
抗拒戒严执法，阻挡军队执行任务，是违法的。
另外，关于社会秩序问题，有人说，当时学生已经自己维持了
社会秩序。
我认为，这种"自己维持社会秩序"的行为，本身就可能是违法的。
从法律上说，普通人没有权力去不让执法者维持秩序，而由自己
"维持公共场所"的社会秩序的。
除了在法定的特殊场合，例如，工人维修公路时，工人可以进行
维护交通的行为。在其他情况下，普通人没有权力代替执法人员，
进行执法和维持秩序的行动。例如，普通人看见有人开车超速，
绝对没有权力去拦截。
六四时的学生，事实上是"阻止军队和警察"来维持秩序，而由自己
来维持秩序。这本身就是破坏社会秩序的行为。
因此，对学生进行强制执法，是完全合法的。
二。学生运动是否民主运动？
我觉得无所谓。甭管你是民主运动还是共产主义运动，
或者是同性恋运动，等等标志，你随便选用。关键是，
无论你是任何一种运动，都不能有违法的行为，都不能用
违法的手段去实现。
示威者是否违法，与示威的口号无关。
也就是说，示威者是否违法，是根据你的行为是否干扰了社会
正常的法制秩序来判断的。
而不是根据你喊的口号是共产主义，还是民主主义，或者是
义和团运动，女权主义，或者是三K主义等等。
这个问题你只要把示威者的口号或标语置换一下，就可以
明白其中的道理。
假如说，某天在天安门广场上聚集了一群人，
高呼义和团的口号，强烈要求中国政府把所有的外国人都杀掉。
到人民大会堂跪请愿，然后，占据天安门广场绝食六、七天。
然后，在广场修建一座义和团勇士的雕像。
当政府派军队戒严时，这帮义和团拒不撤离，而是用"火热的身体"
阻挡军队。高喊刀枪不入。
现在，让你判断一下，这帮义和团是否违法？是否应该镇压？
三。政府在镇压过程中是否违法？
我认为基本上没有违法。根据是，美国历史上曾经有对示威群众
开枪致死的事件。其他民主国家更是有很多例子，军队或者警察
对示威民众开枪致死事件。都没有判执法者是违法。
以上判断采用的法律，不是中国的人定法律，而是根据英式法制的
案例法原则。
中国政治网站总汇
http://www.geocities.com/classifiedforum/index.htm
==========================
从这篇文章看看美国军队和警察有多少次屠杀罢工工人吧 2004-5-21 12:41 [Click:8]
An Eclectic List of Events in U.S. Labor History
Compiled by allen lutins ([email protected])
Last Update 7 December 2003
Click here for information about reproducing this article.
Most citizens of the United States take for granted labor laws which protect them from the evils of
unregulated industry.
Perhaps the majority of those who argue for "free enterprise" and the removal of restrictions on
capitalist corporations are
unaware that over the course of this country's history, workers have fought and often died for
protection from capitalist
industry. In many instances, government troops were called out to crush strikes, at times firing on
protesters. Presented below
are a few of the many incidents in the (too often overlooked) tumultuous labor history of this
country.
NOTE: Please DO NOT mail me with requests for additional information (such as assistance in
locating additional resources,
etc.); all that i have to offer on this topic is presented on this page, and i regret that i am unable to
assist the Internet community
with anything more. For additional labor resources, check out the following:
American Labor History at University of Cincinnati
Cyber Resources and Links For Labour Activists
LaborNet home page
A Short History of American Labor
The Mining Company's labor history links
1806
The union of Philadelphia Journeymen Cordwainers was convicted of and bankrupted by charges
of criminal conspiracy after a
strike for higher wages, setting a precedent by which the U.S. government would combat unions
for years to come.
27 April 1825
The first strike for the 10-hour work-day occurred by carpenters in Boston.
3 July 1835
Children employed in the silk mills in Paterson, NJ went on strike for the 11 hour day/6 day week.
July 1851
Two railroad strikers were shot dead and others injured by the state militia in Portgage, New
York.
1860
800 women operatives and 4,000 workmen marched during a shoemaker's strike in Lynn,
Massachusetts.
13 January 1874
The original Tompkins Square Riot. As unemployed workers demonstrated in New York's
Tompkins Square Park, a
detachment of mounted police charged into the crowd, beating men, women and children
indiscriminately with billy clubs and
leaving hundreds of casualties in their wake. Commented Abram Duryee, the Commissioner of
Police: "It was the most glorious
sight I ever saw..."
12 February 1877
U.S. railroad workers began strikes to protest wage cuts.
21 June 1877
Ten coal-mining activists ("Molly Maguires") were hanged in Pennsylvania.
14 July 1877
A general strike halted the movement of U.S. railroads. In the following days, strike riots spread
across the United States. The
next week, federal troops were called out to force an end to the nationwide strike. At the "Battle
of the Viaduct" in Chicago,
federal troops (recently returned from an Indian massacre) killed 30 workers and wounded over
100.
5 September 1882
Thirty thousand workers marched in the first Labor Day parade in New York City.
1884
The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, forerunner of the AFL, passed a
resolution stating that "8 hours shall
constitute a legal day's work from and after May 1, 1886." Though the Federation did not intend
to stimulate a mass
insurgency, its resolution had precisely that effect.
Late 1885/Early 1886
Hundreds of thousands of American workers, increasingly determined to resist subjugation to
capitalist power, poured into a
fledgling labor organization, the Knights of Labor. Beginning on May 1, 1886, they took to the
streets to demand the universal
adoption of the eight hour day.
Chicago was the center of the movement. Workers there had been agitating for an eight hour day
for months, and on the eve of
May 1, 50,000 workers were already on strike. 30,000 more swelled their ranks the next day,
bringing most of Chicago
manufacturing to a standstill. Fears of violent class conflict gripped the city. No violence occurred
on May 1 -- a Saturday -- or
May 2. But on Monday, May 3, a fight involving hundreds broke out at McCormick Reaper
between locked-out unionists and
the non-unionist workers McCormick hired to replace them. The Chicago police, swollen in
number and heavily armed, quickly
moved in with clubs and guns to restore order. They left four unionists dead and many others
wounded.
Angered by the deadly force of the police, a group of anarchists, led by August Spies and Albert
Parsons, called on workers to
arm themselves and participate in a massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square on
Tuesday evening, May 4. The
demonstration appeared to be a complete bust, with only 3,000 assembling. But near the end of
the evening, an individual,
whose identity is still in dispute, threw a bomb that killed seven policemen and injured 67 others.
Hysterical city and state
government officials rounded up eight anarchists, tried them for murder, and and sentenced them to
death.
On 11 November 1887, four of them, including Parsons and Spies, were ????uted. All of the
????uted advocated armed
struggle and violence as revolutionary methods, but their prosecutors found no evidence that any
had actually thrown the
Haymarket bomb. They died for their words, not their deeds. A quarter of a million people lined
Chicago's street during
Parson's funeral procession to express their outrage at this gross mis-carriage of justice.
For radicals and trade unionists everywhere, Haymarket became a symbol of the stark inequality
and injustice of capitalist
society. The May 1886 Chicago events figured prominently in the decision of the founding
congress of the Second International
(Paris, 1889) to make May 1, 1890 a demonstration of the solidarity and power of the
international working class movement.
May Day has been a celebration of international socialism and (after 1917) international
communism ever since.
The Bayview Massacre also took place at this time (for more detailed information visit
http://www.????pc.com/~blake/rollin~1.htm), where seven people, including one child, were killed
by state militia. On 1 May
1886 about 2,000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at Saint Stanislaus Church in
Milwaukee, angrily
denouncing the ten hour workday. They then marched through the city, calling on other workers to
join them; as a result, all but
one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills, prompting
Wisconsin Govorner Jeremiah
Rusk to call the state militia. The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields,
and on the morning of May
5th, as protesters chanted for the eight hour workday, General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot
into the crowd, some of
whom were carrying sticks, bricks, and scythes, leaving seven dead at the scene. The Milwaukee
Journal reported that eight
more would die within twenty four hours, and without hesitation added that Governor Rusk was to
be commended for his quick
action in the matter.
4 October 1887
The Louisiana Militia, aided by bands of "prominent citizens," shot 35 unarmed black sugar
workers striking to gain a
dollar-per-day wage, and lynched two strike leaders.
25 July 1890
New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven-month strike. They secured
agreements for a closed shop,
and firing of all scabs.
6 July 1892
The Homestead Strike. Pinkerton Guards, trying to pave the way for the introduction of scabs,
opened fire on striking Carnegie
mill steel- workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania. In the ensuing battle, three Pinkertons
surrendered; then, unarmed, they were
set upon and beaten by a mob of townspeople, most of them women. Seven guards and eleven
strikers and spectators were
shot to death.
11 July 1892
Striking miners in Coeur D'Alene, Idaho dynamited the Frisco Mill, leaving it in ruins.
1893
The first of several bloody mining strikes at Cripple Creek, Colorado.
5 July 1893
During a strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company, which had drastically reduced wages,
the 1892 World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago's Jackson Park was set ablaze, and seven buildings were reduced to ashes.
The mobs raged on, burning
and looting railroad cars and fighting police in the streets, until 10 July, when 14,000 federal and
state troops finally succeeded
in putting down the strike.
1894
Federal troops killed 34 American Railway Union members in the Chicago area attempting to
break a strike, led by Eugene
Debs, against the Pullman Company. Debs and several others were imprisoned for violating
injunctions, causing disintegration
of the union.
21 September 1896
The state militia was sent to Leadville, Colorado to break a miner's strike.
10 September 1897
19 unarmed striking coal miners and mine workers were killed and 36 wounded by a posse
organized by the Luzerne County
sherif for refusing to disperse near Lattimer, Pennsylvania. The strikers, most of whom were shot in
the back, were originally
brought in as strike-breakers, but later organized themselves.
1898
A portion of the Erdman Act, which would have made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss
employees or discriminate
against prospective employees based on their union activities, was declared invalid by the United
States Supreme Court.
12 October 1898
Fourteen were killed, 25 wounded in violence resulting when Virden, Illinois mine owners
attempted to break a strike by
importing 200 nonunion black workers.
29 April 1899
When their demand that only union men be employed was refused, members of the Western
Federation of Miners dynamited
the $250,000 mill of the Bunker Hill Company at Wardner, Idaho, destroying it completely.
President McKinley responded by
sending in black soldiers from Brownsville, Texas with orders to round up thousands of miners and
confine them in specially
built "bullpens."
1899 and 1901
U.S. Army troops occupied the Coeur d'Alene mining region in Idaho.
12 October 1902
Fourteen miners were killed and 22 wounded by scabherders at Pana, Illinois.
23 November 1903
Troops were dispatched to Cripple Creek, Colorado to control rioting by striking coal miners.
July 1903
Labor organizer Mary Harris ("Mother") Jones leads child workers in demanding a 55 hour work
week.
23 February 1904
William Randolph Hearst's San Francisco Chronicle began publishing articles on the menace of
Japanese laborers, leading to a
resolution of the California Legislature that action be taken against their immigration.
8 June 1904
A battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six union
members dead and 15 taken
prisoner. Seventy-nine of the strikers were deported to Kansas two days later.
17 April 1905
The Supreme Court held that a maximum hours law for New York bakery workers was
unconstitutional under the due process
clause of the 14th ammendment.
1908
The Erdman Act was further weakened when Section 10 was declared unconstitutional. This
section had made it illegal for
railroad employers to fire employees for being involved in union activities (see 1898).
22 November 1909
The "Uprising of the 20,000." Female garment workers went on strike in New York; many were
arrested. A judge told those
arrested: "You are on strike against God."
25 December 1910
A dynamite bomb destroyed a portion of the Llewellyn Ironworks in Los Angeles, where a bitter
strike was in progress.
1911
The Supreme Court ordered the AFL to cease its promotion of a boycott against the Bucks Stove
and Range Company. A
contempt charge against union leaders (including AFL President Samuel Gompers) was dismissed
on technical grounds.
25 March 1911
The Triangle Shirtwaist Company, occupying the top three floors of a ten-story building in New
York City, was consumed by
fire. One hundred and forty-seven people, mostly women and young girls working in sweatshop
conditions, lost their lives.
Approximately 50 died as they leapt from windows to the street; the others were burned or
trampled to death as they
desperately attempted to escape through stairway exits locked as a precaution against "the
interruption of work". On 11 April
the company's owners were indicted for manslaughter.
2 December 1911
A Chicago "slugger," paid $50 by labor unions for every scab he "discouraged," described his job
in an interview: "Oh, there
ain't nothin' to it. I gets my fifty, then I goes out and finds the guy they wanna have slugged. I goes
up to `im and I says to `im,
`My friend, by way of meaning no harm,' and then I gives it to `im -- biff! in the mug. Nothin' to it."
24 February 1912
Women and children were beaten by police during a textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
18 April 1912
The National Guard was called out against striking West Virginia coal miners.
11 June 191?
Police shot three maritime workers (one of whom was killed) who were striking against the United
Fruit Company in New
Orleans.
5 January 1914
The Ford Motor Company raised its basic wage from $2.40 for a nine hour day to $5 for an eight
hour day.
20 April 1914
The "Ludlow Massacre." In an attempt to persuade strikers at Colorado's Ludlow Mine Field to
return to work, company
"guards," engaged by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and other mine operators and sworn into the State
Militia just for the occasion,
attacked a union tent camp with machine guns, then set it afire. Five men, two women and 12
children died as a result.
Additional web resources are catolged at www.holtlaborlibrary.org/ludlow.html#Web%20Sites.
13 November 1914
A Western Federation of Miners strike is crushed by the militia in Butte, Montana.
19 January 1915
World famous labor leader Joe Hill was arrested in Salt Lake City. He was convicted on trumped
up murder charges, and was
????uted 21 months later despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President
Woodrow Wilson. In a letter
to Bill Haywood shortly before his death he penned the famous words, "Don't mourn - organize!"
On this same day, twenty rioting strikers were shot by factory guards at Roosevelt, New Jersey.
25 January 1915
The Supreme Court upholds "yellow dog" contracts, which forbid membership in labor unions. 22
July 1916
A bomb was set off during a "Preparedness Day" parade in San Francisco, killing 10 and injuring
40 more. Thomas J.
Mooney, a labor organizer and Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker, were convicted, but were both
pardoned in 1939.
19 August 1916
Strikebreakers hired by the Everett Mills owner Neil Jamison attacked and beat picketing strikers
in Everett, Washington.
Local police watched and refused to intervene, claiming that the waterfront where the incident took
place was Federal land and
therefore outside their jurisdiction. (When the picketers retaliated against the strikebreakers that
evening, the local police
intervened, claiming that they had crossed the line of jursidiction.)
Three days later, twenty-two union men attempted to speak out at a local crossroads, but each
was arrested; arrests and
beatings of strikebreakers became common throughout the following months, and on 30 October
vigilantes forced IWW
speakers to run the gauntlet, subjecting them to whipping, tripping kicking, and impalement against
a spiked cattle guard at the
end of the gauntlet. In response, the IWW called for a meeting on 5 November. When the union
men arrived, they were fired
on; seven people were killed, 50 were wounded, and an indeterminate number wound up missing.
7 September 1916
Federal employees win the right to receive Worker's Compensation insurance.
12 July 1917
After seizing the local Western Union telegraph office in order to cut off outisde communication,
several thousand armed
vigilantes forced 1,185 men in Bisbee, Arizona into manure-laden boxcars and "deported" them to
the New Mexico desert.
The action was precipitated by a strike when workers' demands (including improvements to safety
and working conditions at
the local copper mines, an end to discrimination against labor organizations and unequal treatment
of foreign and minority
workers, and the institution of a fair wage system) went unmet. The "deportation" was organized
by Sheriff Harry Wheeler. The
incident was investigated months later by a Federal Mediation Commission set up by President
Woodrow Wilson; the
Commission found that no federal law applied, and referred the case to the State of Arizona, which
failed to take any action,
citing patriotism and support for the war as justification for the vigilantes' action.
15 March 1917
The Supreme Court approved the Eight-Hour Act under the threat of a national railway strike.
1 August 1917
IWW organizer Frank Little was lynched in Butte, Monatana.
5 September 1917
Federal agents raided the IWW headquarters in 48 cities.
3 June 1918
A Federal child labor law, enacted two years earlier, was declared unconstitutional. A new law
was enacted 24 February
1919, but this one too was declared unconstitutional (on 2 June 1924).
27 July 1918
United Mine Workers organizer Ginger Goodwin was shot by a hired private policeman outside
Cumberland, British Columbia.
26 August 1919
United Mine Worker organizer Fannie Sellins was gunned down by company guards in
Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.
19 September 1919
Looting, rioting and sporadic violence broke out in downtown Boston and South Boston for days
after 1,117 Boston
policemen declared a work stoppage due to their thwarted attempts to affiliate with the American
Federation of Labor.
Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge put down the strike by calling out the entire state militia.
22 September 1919
The "Great Steel Strike" began. Ultimately, 350,000 steel workers walked off their jobs to
demand union recognition. The AFL
Iron and Steel Organizing Committee called off the strike on 8 January 1920, their goals unmet.
11 November 1919
IWW organizer Wesley Everest was lynched after a Centralia, Washington IWW hall was
attacked by Legionnaires.
22 December 1919
Amid a strike for union recognition by 395,000 steelworkers (ultimately unsuccessful),
approximately 250 "anarchists,"
"communists," and "labor agitators" were deported to Russia, marking the beginning of the
so-called "Red Scare."
2 January 1920
The U.S. Bureau of Investigation began carrying out the nationwide Palmer Raids. Federal agents
seized labor leaders and
literature in the hopes of discouraging labor activity. A number of citizens were turned over to state
officials for prosecution
under various anti-anarchy statutes.
19 May 1920
The Battle of Matewan. Despite efforts by police chief (and former miner) Sid Hatfield and Mayor
C. Testerman to protect
miners from interference in their union drive in Matewan, West Virginia, Baldwin-Felts detectives
hired by the local mining
company and thirteen of the company's managers arrived to evict miners and their families from the
Stone Mountain Mine
camp. A gun battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of 7 detectives, Mayor Testerman, and 2 miners.
Baldwin-Felts detectives
assasinated Sid Hatfield 15 months later, sparking off an armed rebellion of 10,000 West Virginia
coal miners at "The Battle of
Blair Mountain," dubbed "the largest insurrection this country has had since the Civil War" by The
Battle of Matewan Home
Page.
1920 and 1921
Army troops were used to intervene against striking mineworkers in West Virginia. Details of these
events can be found in the
extensive and excellent article at www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh50-1.html.
22 June 1922
Violence erupted during a coal-mine strike at Herrin, Illinois. Thirty-six were killed, 21 of them
non-union miners.
2 June 1924
A child labor ammendment to the U.S. Constitution was proposed; only 28 of the necessary 36
states ever ratified it.
14 June 1924
A San Pedro, California IWW hall was raided; a number of children were scalded when the hall
was demolished.
25 May 1925
Two company houses occupied by nonunion coal miners were blown up and destroyed by labor
"racketeers" during a strike
against the Glendale Gas and Coal Company in Wheeling, West Virginia.
1926
Textile workers fought with police in Passaic, New Jersey. A year-long strike ensued.
21 November 1927
Picketing miners were massacred in Columbine, Colorado.
3 February 1930
"Chicagorillas" -- labor racketeers -- shot and killed contractor William Healy, with whom the
Chicago Marble Setters Union
had been having difficulties.
14 April 1930
Over 100 farm workers were arrested for their unionizing activities in Imperial Valley, California.
Eight were subsequently
convicted of `criminal syndicalism.'
4 May 1931
Gun-toting vigilantes attack striking miners in Harlan County, Kentucky.
7 March 1932
Police kill striking workers at Ford's Dearborn, Michigan plant.
10 October 1933
18,000 cotton workers went on strikein Pixley, California. Four were killed before a pay-hike was
finally won.
1934
The Electric Auto-Lite Strike. In Toledo, OH, two strikers were killed and over two hundred
wounded by National
Guardsmen. Some 1300 National Guard troops, including included eight rifle companies and three
machine gun companies,
were called in to disperse the protestors.
1934
International Longshoremans and Warehouse union strike of 1934. Two longshoremen, Nick
Bordoise and Howard Sperry,
were shot to death by the San Francisco Police. May 1934
Police stormed striking truck drivers in Minneapolis who were attempting to prevent truck
movement in the market area.
1 September - 22 September 1934
A strike in Woonsocket, RI, part of a national movement to obtain a minimum wage for textile
workers, resulted in the deaths
of three workers. Over 420,000 workers ultimately went on strike.
9 November 1935
The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) was formed to expand industrial unionism.
11 February 1937
General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers union following a sit-down strike. Two
months later, company guards
beat up UAW leaders at the River Rouge, Michigan plant.
26 May 1937
The 'Battle of the Overpass'. Walter Reuther and a group of UAW supporters, fresh from having
organized GM and Chyrsler,
attempting to distribute leaflets at Gate 4 of the Ford Motor Company's River Rouge plant, and
were beaten up (together with
bystanders) by Ford Service Department guards. 30 May 1937
Police killed 10 and wounded 30 during the "Memorial Day Massacre" at the Republic Steel plant
in Chicago.
25 June 1938
The Wages and Hours (later Fair Labor Standards) Act is passed, banning child labor and setting
the 40-hour work week. The
Act went into effect in October 1940, and was upheld in the Supreme Court on 3 February 1941.
27 February 1939
The Supreme Court rules that sit-down strikes are illegal.
20 June 1941
Henry Ford recognizes the UAW.
15 December 1941
The AFL pledges that there will be no strikes in defense-related industry plants for the duration of
the war.
28 December 1944
President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Army to seize the ????utive offices of Montgomery
Ward and Company after the
corporation failed to comply with a National War Labor Board directive regarding union shops.
1946
Workers in packinghouses nation-wide went on strike.
1 April 1946
A strike by 400,000 mine workers in the U.S. began. U.S. troops seized railroads and coal mines
the following month.
4 October 1946
The U.S. Navy seized oil refineries in order to break a 20-state post-war strike.
20 June 1947
The Taft-Hartley Labor Act, curbing strikes, was vetoed by President Truman. Congress overrode
the veto.
20 April 1948
Labor leader Walter Reuther was shot and seriously wounded by would-be assassins.
27 August 1950
President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize all the nation's railroads to prevent a general
strike. The railroads were not
returned to their owners until two years later.
8 April 1952
President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize the nation's steel mills to avert a strike. The act
was ruled to be illegal by the
Supreme Court on 2 June.
5 December 1955
T
作者：和合 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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