加人
[个人文集]
警告次数: 2
加入时间: 2004/02/14
文章: 13891
经验值: 330971
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作者：加人 在 驴鸣镇 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
（告诉 ＂英语恐怖分子 不劳而获＂ 这是BBC 的翻译和我无关）
葡萄牙——一个郁郁寡欢的欧洲国家
埃里克•维纳
（Eric Weiner）
作为一个美国人，从小就被人灌输无论遇到什么事情都要高高兴兴-或者至少假装高兴。无论是据说于1963年在美国发明的微笑表情符号，还是"祝你度过美好一天"，都是美国人天生乐观主义的写照。
但在葡萄牙，可能没人会祝你快乐，也没人在乎你是不是真的高兴。这是因为，这一天他们自己的日子也许也过得不怎么样。你要是问一个葡萄牙人他日子过得好不好，最好的答复也不过是"还凑合"（maisoumenos）而已。
葡萄牙人具有郁郁寡欢的民族性格。很多人的脸色阴沉无光-这点和有"微笑之国"美誉的泰国形成了鲜明对比-里斯本市民广场上的塑像也都有着凝重的面部表情。多数国家都把这种表情视为一种男子坚毅气概（一般只针对男性）的象征，然而在葡萄牙，阴郁的面庞却是多愁善感的诗人的标志。
葡萄牙是一个缺点幸福感的国家。在联合国最新的全球幸福指数报告的157个国家中，葡萄牙仅排名第93位。但是，也别因此而对葡萄牙人心生怜悯。葡萄牙人善于苦中作乐，并且乐在其中。有人想当然地把葡萄牙人当成是受虐狂，但是你如果像我一样在葡萄牙呆上一段时间，你就会发现，葡萄牙人忧郁的性格背后实际上蕴藏着无限的美好和快乐。
葡萄牙语词汇saudade的唯一含义是"悲中有乐"。除葡萄牙语外，没有任何其他语言有这样一个精准的词汇对这一概念加以描述。我曾经请许多葡萄牙人翻译这个单词，但他们都异口同声地说，这个词没法翻译。
就连里斯本的雕塑也有着凝重的面部表情。
"Saudade"是指，对于曾经带来过极端快乐的人、地方或体验感到惆怅。它的含义和"怀旧"有点类似，但是和怀旧不同的是，某人可以为从未发生过，以后也不会发生的事物而产生"saudade"的情绪。
Saudade的核心是巨大的空虚感和失落感。学者奥博力•贝尔（Aubrey Bell）在他的《葡萄牙见闻录》（In Portugal）一书中写道，"Saudade是一种对某种当前并不存在的事物抱有的隐晦而持续的渴望。"
一天，我和出版商何塞•普拉塔（Jose Prata）在里斯本繁忙的Cais do Sodre市场共进午餐。他告诉我说，"人们可以对任何事物-甚至一只鸡感到saudade。前提是这只鸡的某种特质吸引了你。"
葡萄牙人容忍甚至喜欢saudade的原因是，"这是一种可以彼此分享的情感，"普拉塔解释说。"我会在饭桌上告诉你我的烦恼。"在葡萄牙，这指的是很多人围坐在一起的大桌子。一位葡萄牙厨师甚至独创了一种直接以"Saudade"命名的巧克力系列。你猜对了，它的味道就是甜中带苦。
一天，我在里斯本市中心Largo de Camões广场喝特浓咖啡时碰到了临床心理学家玛丽安娜•米兰达（Mariana Miranda）。对于想了解葡萄牙人"悲中有乐"情感的我，向这位专家提问是再适合不过的了。
她告诉我，悲伤是我们生活中一个重要的组成部分。她不能理解为什么有人总是在该哭的时候强颜欢笑。
"每个人都应该体验各种心理感受，为什么只用一种色彩去画画？"她说，强颜欢笑让我们迷失了自我。"悲伤也是一种美。"
广场是为纪念葡萄牙最伟大的诗人而建。这位诗人很多诗作的主题都是saudade。
另一天，我遇到了朋友的朋友，一位态度和蔼，名叫"罗密欧"的警察。他告诉我，所有日子，无论快乐还是哀伤，他都安然若素。他说，面对一个郁郁寡欢的葡萄牙人，最不该做的事情就是尝试让他高兴起来。
"某天你心情不好，你也不想假装高兴，"他说。"但是办公室里的人都在想办法让你高兴起来，你会告诉他们'别打搅我，我今天心情不好。'"
好多项研究都表明，葡萄牙人的民族性格实际上大有益处。
《实验社会心理学杂志》（Journal of Experimental Social Psychology）发表的一篇论文称，情绪低落会提高人的记忆力。澳大利亚心理学家及第一作者约瑟夫•弗加斯（Joseph Forgas）称，与晴天相比，在天光晦暗的下雨天，人们会回忆起他们曾在商店里看到的某件商品的更多细节。同一份杂志刊登的另一篇论文则认为，情绪低落有助于提高决断力。实验中，安排受试者观看盗窃案嫌疑人的陈述录像，然后找出谁在撒谎。当天情绪不佳的受试者更容易发现哪些嫌疑人撒了谎。
就连忧郁的音乐也会带来益处。《Plos One》杂志发表的一篇论文中，柏林自由大学的科学家们调查了世界各地772人后，发现曲调忧郁的音乐"有缓解听众不良情绪的效果。"科学家史蒂芬•科尔西（Stefan Koelsch）和丽拉•塔如菲（LiilaTaruffi）得出结论认为，忧郁的音乐不仅能够帮助人们"调理"不良情绪，还能够激发想象力和"一系列复杂而带有激昂色彩的情绪。"有趣的是，不同文化下，忧郁音乐所到来的益处也不尽相同。对于欧洲和北美人，忧郁音乐所引发的最强烈情绪为"怀旧"，而对于亚洲人则是"平和"。
名为Fado民谣的忧郁音乐是葡萄牙一个专门的音乐门类，这一点无人能及。Fado在葡萄牙语里的含义是"命运"或"运势"：我们必须接受自己的命运，哪怕命运很残酷，我们也要勇敢地去面对。
这一音乐类型最早可以追溯到200年前里斯本穷困衰败的劳工阶层聚居区。最早的一批fado民谣歌手是渔民的妻子们。她们在丈夫出海失踪后被迫沦入风尘。换句话说，这一音乐类型最早就起源于悲苦的人生。
今天，fado民谣已经成了葡萄牙的招牌音乐。无论你走到哪里：电台里、音乐厅里、尤其里斯本数十家fido民谣酒吧里，都会听到并且感受到它的存在。一天傍晚，我走进一家位于里斯本Chiado区，名为Duque da Rua的小酒吧。酒吧的装潢朴实无华，多数歌手都是业余出演-比如Marco Henriques就是这样：他白天是一位农艺学家，晚上则到酒吧演唱以增加收入。
里斯本到处都飘荡着Fado民谣歌声，尤其是几十家Fado酒吧。
他告诉我，有些fado歌手拥有天使般优美的嗓音，有些人的嗓音条件则很一般。"哪怕你嗓音条件不好，也能成为一位伟大的fido歌手，"他说，"fido是一种源自心灵的音乐。"
听着fido民谣，我有一种压抑和解脱两相交织的奇怪感受。之所以压抑，是因为这种音乐明显具有忧郁的旋律，我的一位葡萄牙朋友翻译给我的歌词也不例外。之所以解脱，是因为音乐让我从烦愁的情绪中超脱出来而毫无留恋。Fado民谣让我对自己的忧愁烦恼乐在其中。
几天过后，在里斯本西南方向30公里的海滨小城Estoril，我遇到了知名度很高，同时也是少数能够通过音乐养活自己的fado民谣歌手库卡•罗赛塔（Cuca Roseta）。她告诉我，在每次演出"奉献我自己之前"之前，她都要利用片刻时间来祈祷。"这是一种奉献自己的音乐。它是来自你自身情感的礼物，它来自你的内心深处。"
罗赛塔是新一代fado民谣歌手的代表。新fado民谣的旋律和传统fado民谣一样忧郁婉转，但歌词却有着些许的乐观意味。这是否是葡萄牙"悲中有乐"的民族性格正在发生变化的标志？希望不是。
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BBC Travel 英文原文。
The European country that loves being sad IN ASSOCIATION WITH The Portuguese are content with their discontentment, and, in an odd but enlightening way, actually enjoy it.
By Eric Weiner29 November 2016
As an American, I’ve been inculcated with the importance of being happy – or at least pretending to be happy – at all costs. It’s an ethos epitomized by the smiley face emoji, which is said to have been invented in the US in 1963, and empty expressions like “have a nice day”.
In Portugal, no one tells you to have a nice day. No one particularly cares if you have a nice day, because chances are they’re not having a nice day either. If you ask a Portuguese person how they’re doing, the most enthusiastic reply you can expect is mais ou menos (so so).
Portugal’s unique culture of melancholy is hard to miss (Credit: Sean Pavone/Alamy)
Portugal’s culture of melancholy is hard to miss. You see it etched on people’s sombre expressions – this is no Thailand, known as the Land of Smiles – and even in the statues that occupy prime real estate in Lisbon’s public squares. In most countries, the men (and it’s almost always men) honoured in such places are macho generals. In Portugal, it’s moody poets.
Yes, Portugal is a sad land, ranking 93rd of 157 countries (just behind Lebanon), according to the UN’s latest World Happiness Report. But don’t pity the Portuguese. They’re content with their discontentment, and, in an odd but enlightening way, actually enjoy it. It’s easy to assume that the Portuguese are masochists, but if you spend some time here, as I did recently, you quickly realize that the Portuguese have much to teach us about the hidden beauty, and joy, in sadness.
Portugal’s “joyful sadness” is encapsulated in a single word: saudade. No other language has a word quite like it. It is untranslatable, every Portuguese person assured me, before proceeding to translate it.
Even the statues in Lisbon’s public squares have melancholic expressions (Credit: Eye Ubiquitous/Getty)
Saudade is a longing, an ache for a person or place or experience that once brought great pleasure. It is akin to nostalgia but, unlike nostalgia, one can feel saudade for something that’s never happened, and likely never will.
At the heart of saudade lies a yawning sense of absence, of loss. Saudade, writes scholar Aubrey Bell in his book In Portugal, is “a vague and constant desire for something... other than the present.”
It is possible to feel saudade for anything, publisher Jose Prata told me over lunch one day at Lisbon’s bustling Cais do Sodre market. “You can even feel saudade for a chicken,” he said, “but it has to be the right chicken.”
At the heart of saudade lies a yawning sense of absence, of loss
What makes saudade tolerable, pleasant even, is that “it is a very sharable feeling,” Prata explained. “I’m inviting you to share at the table of my sadness.” In Portugal, that’s a big table with room for everyone. In fact, a Portuguese chef has even started a line of chocolate called “Saudade”. Naturally, it is bittersweet.
One day, while sipping an espresso at the Largo de Camões public square in central Lisbon, I met Mariana Miranda, a clinical psychologist. This was the perfect person, I realized, to explain Portugal’s joyful sadness.
Sadness is an important part of life, she told me, adding that she can’t understand why anyone would avoid it.
“I want to feel everything in every possible way. Why paint a painting with only one colour?” By avoiding sadness at all costs, she said, we diminish ourselves. “There is actually lot of beauty in sadness.”
Largo de Camões is dedicated to one of Portugal’s greatest poets, who often wrote about saudade (Credit: Alberto Manuel Urosa Toledano/Getty)
Another day, I met a genial police inspector name Romeu, a friend of a friend. He has happy days and sad days, he said, and he welcomes both equally. In fact, when confronted with an unhappy Portuguese person, he explained, the worst thing you can do is try to cheer him up.
“You’re sad and you want to be sad,” he said. “You’re at the office and people are trying to cheer you up, and you say ‘Don’t make me cheerful. Today is my pleasurable sadness day.’”
Several studies suggest that the Portuguese are onto something. One study, published in 2008 in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, found that sadness improves our memory. On gloomy, rainy days, people recalled details (of objects they had seen in a shop) more vividly than on bright sunny days, according to Australian psychologist and lead author Joseph Forgas. Another study in the same journal suggests sadness improves judgment. Participants were asked to watch videotaped statements of people accused of theft and figure out who was lying. The participants experiencing negative emotions at the time were able to more accurately identify the deceptive suspects.
Even sad music has its benefits. Researchers from the Free University of Berlin surveyed 772 people around the world and found that sad music “can actually lead to beneficial emotional effects,” according to the study, published in the journal Plos One. It does this, researchers Stefan Koelsch and Liila Taruffi believe, by enabling people to “regulate” negative moods. Sad music also fires the imagination and evokes “a wide range of complex and partially positive emotions,” they concluded. Interestingly, the positive benefits of sad music were experienced differently among different cultures. For Europeans and North Americans, the strongest emotion that sadness induced was nostalgia, while for Asians it was peacefulness.
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No one does sad music like the Portuguese. In particular, fado music is melancholy set to a melody. Fado means literally “destiny” or “fate”, and therein lays its sad beauty. We must accept our fate, even if it’s cruel, especially if it’s cruel.
The genre took root nearly two centuries ago in hardscrabble, working-class neighbourhoods of Lisbon. The first fado singers, or fadistas, were prostitutes and the wives of fishermen who may or may not return from sea. In other words, people on a first-name basis with suffering.
Today, fado is the soundtrack of life in Portugal. You hear it – and feel it – everywhere: on the radio, in concert halls and, most of all, in Lisbon’s several dozen fado houses. One evening, I dropped by one, a tiny place called Duque da Rua, tucked away in the city’s Chiado district. There's nothing slick about this sort of fado house. The singers are mostly amateurs – people like Marco Henriques, who works as an agronomist by day and tends bar in the club in the evening to help make ends meet.
Fado can be heard everywhere in Portugal, including Lisbon’s several dozen fado houses (Credit: age fotostock/Alamy)
Some fado singers have beautiful, angelic voices, he told me, while others do not. “You can have a bad voice and be a great fado singer,” he said, “because fado comes from the heart.”
Listening to the music, I felt an odd combination of melancholy and relief. Melancholy, because the music was undeniably morose, as were the lyrics, which a Portuguese friend translated for me. Relief, because, for once, I felt no compunction to squelch or deny my sadness. Fado gave me permission to honour my shadow self.
A few days later, in the seaside town of Estoril, 30km southwest of Lisbon, I met Cuca Roseta, a popular fado singer who is one of the few able to earn a living from her music. She prepares for each performance with a minute of silence, a sort of prayer, “before giving myself”, she told me. “This is music where you give yourself. It’s a gift of your emotions and it’s very intimate.”
Roseta represents a new generation of fado singers. The melody is just as melancholic as traditional fado, but the lyrics are subtly optimistic. A sign perhaps that Portugal’s love affair with “joyful sadness” is beginning to wane? I sure hope not.
作者：加人 在 驴鸣镇 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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葡萄牙——一个郁郁寡欢的欧洲国家 (中英文)
