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 [ZT]中国共产主义3.0 |
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MariahSarey
加入时间: 2006/09/03
文章: 1168
经验值: 26183
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作者：MariahSarey 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
在文学城看到这篇文章。有几点：
1）文章没有翻译完全。我在后面补充了英文原版。更精彩。
2）共产党暂时不能垮台（甚至下台）。中国人（国家）正在跑坡。改革是必然的趋势。
3）BYD电池我早在他们上市时就投资了。老外对中国的了解，除了英国殖民者外，都挺浅的，尤其老美。
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很少人听过比亚迪集团（BYD Corp.）——BYD是指Build Your Dream（成就你的梦想），但这个不知名的公司在成立不到十年的时间内成为世界第二大电池生产商。如今它计划大跃进，生产自己的汽车。
比亚迪市场主管保罗·林（Paul Lin）表示：“我们要生产绿色能源汽车。我们认为我们可以做到。”即使在中国，这样的雄心壮志听起来也有点牵强。但比亚迪已经在深圳建造了15万平方米的汽车装配工厂，还聘请在意大利受训的汽车设计师团体，计划在今年年末之前生产绿色混合动力车。
欢迎来到共产主义3.0。中国公司不再满足于成为低技术、低成本、低利润的玩具、笔、服装和其他产品生产商，它们试图攀登价值链，希望最终挑战世界最大企业，争取业务、客户、实力和承认度。
中国政府在背后双管齐下地推动：以奖励办法鼓励公司创新，同时劝阻低端制造业在中国东南方运作，扭转中国壮观经济崛起的关键引擎之一。
政府引入严厉的劳工和环境标准，终结数千工厂的减税优待，从而发出强有力的信号：它渴望让中国企业攀登价值链，也推动工厂大批离去这块长期被视为世界工厂的地区。
中国主席胡锦涛在6月与中国的科学精英会晤时，暗示中国奥运般庞大的雄心。他呼吁科学家在高科技方面挑战其他国家。
政府政策如今向高科技经济区、研发中心以及承诺更高工资更高技能的公司倾斜。因特尔（Intel）在北方城市大连建的电脑芯片生产设施是受欢迎的；而生产1美元一双的袜子的纺织厂则是不受欢迎的。
里昂证券中国分析师罗斯曼（Andy Rothman）表示：“当一个国家处于发展初级阶段，例如二十年前的中国，出口加工中心有利于增长。但到了某种程度，那就不再合适了。如今，中国在说，‘我们再也不要当生产垃圾产品的世界血汗工厂了。’”
中国企业正进军软件、生物科技、汽车、医疗器材和超级计算机领域，或者收购这些领域的公司。
在某种程度上说，政府只是顺应经济强劲发展的潮流。例如，中国东南方很多制造业工厂正迁移到土地和劳动力成本更加低廉的内陆，或者把经营扩大到印度、越南或孟加拉等低成本国家。
依靠把劳动密集型生产外包到中国而成长起来的世界品牌如今要寻求别的外包目的地。专家认为，对全世界消费者而言，这种政策的转移可能意味着从笔、铁锤到玩偶和跑鞋等大量产品涨价。
经济学家认为中国的经济发展追随日本、韩国的足迹。日韩成功地从低技能制造业转向高科技、服务以及全球品牌的创造。
但也存在众多障碍，包括知识产权法执法不力以及复制或剽窃外国公司或合作伙伴的技术的文化。但专家指出积极面，例如雄心勃勃的企业家阶层壮大，大量理工科毕业生，以及竞争激烈的国内市场。
剑桥大学管理教授、《龙行天下：改变全球竞争格局的中国成本创新（Dragons at your Door: How Chinese Cost Innovation is disrupting Global Competition）》的合作者威廉森（Peter Williamson）质疑那种认为中国没有技术知识的看法。
威廉森认为：“他们是发射卫星的翘楚。他们有很多封锁在军事界的技术，如今政府正减少预算，迫使机构私有化。因此突然之间，以前似乎并不存在的大量技术人才从幕后走出来。”
这正是中国下注的地方。（作者 David Barboza）
The rise of China's Communism 3.0
SHENZHEN, China: Few people have heard of the BYD Corp. - BYD for Build Your Dream - but this little-known company has grown into the world's second-largest battery producer in less than a decade of existence. Now it plans to make a great leap forward by producing its own cars.
"We'd like to make a green energy car, a plug-in," said Paul Lin, a BYD marketing executive. "We think we can do that."
Even in go-go China, such lofty aspirations may sound far-fetched. But BYD has built a 150,000-square-meter, or 1.4 million-square-foot, auto assembly plant in this city next to Hong Kong, hired a team of Italian-trained car designers and plans to build a green hybrid by the end of the year.
Welcome to Communism 3.0. No longer content to be the home of low-skilled, low-cost, low-margin manufacturing for toys, pens, clothes and other good, Chinese companies are trying to move up the value chain, hoping to eventually challenge the world's biggest corporations for business, customers, power and recognition.
The Chinese government is backing the drive with a two-pronged approach: using incentives to encourage companies to innovate, but also moving to discourage low-end manufacturers from operating in southeastern China, reversing one of the key engines of this country's spectacular economic rise.
By introducing tougher labor and environmental standards and ending tax breaks for thousands of factories here, the government has sent a powerful signal about its desire to have Chinese companies move up the value chain, and also helped fuel an exodus of factories from an area long considered the world's shop floor.
President Hu Jintao hinted at the Olympic-sized Chinese ambitions during a meeting of the country's scientific elite last June at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he called on scientists to challenge other countries in high technology.
"We are ready for a fight to control the scientific high ground and earn a seat on the world's high technology board," Hu said. "We will make some serious efforts to strengthen our nation's competence."
Government policies now favor high-tech economic zones, research and development centers and companies that promise higher salaries and more skills. A computer chip facility being built by Intel in the northern city of Dalian is welcomed; a textile mill churning out $1 pairs of socks is not.
"When a country is in its early stages of development, as China was 20 years ago, having an export processing center is good for growth," said Andy Rothman, a China analyst at the investment bank CLSA. "But there's a point when that's no longer appropriate. Now, China's saying, 'We don't want to be the world's sweatshop for junk any more."'
Chinese firms are expanding into (or buying companies that work in) software, biotechnology, automobiles, medical devices and supercomputers. Earlier this year, a government-backed corporation even rolled out its first commercial passenger jet, a move Beijing hopes will allow it to some day compete with Boeing and Airbus.
In some ways, the government is only riding the currents that come with strong economic development. For instance, many manufacturers in southeast China, the country's biggest export zone, are moving to the interior, where land and labor costs are cheaper, or expanding operations to lower-cost countries, like India, Vietnam or Bangladesh.
World-class brands that have grown dependent on outsourcing labor-intensive production to China are now searching for alternatives. Even the huge retailer Wal-Mart Stores, which moved its global procurement center to Shenzhen in 2002, is going to be forced to map out new sourcing channels to fill its 5,000 stores worldwide.
For millions of consumers around the world, experts say the policy shift could also mean higher prices for a broad array of goods from pens and hammers to dolls and running shoes.
"Basically the cost of things China produces for Home Depot and Wal-Mart are going up," said Dong Tao, an economist at Credit Suisse. "But there is another side. In some areas that China's going to grab, like telecom equipment, they'll push prices lower."
Economists say the economic development of China is following in the footsteps of Japan and South Korea, which successfully shifted from low-skilled manufacturing to high technology, services and the creation of global brands.
There are still numerous obstacles here, including weak enforcement of intellectual property rights and a culture of copying or stealing technology from foreign companies or venture partners. But experts point to positives like a rising aggressive entrepreneurial class, legions of newly minted science and engineering graduates and a fiercely competitive domestic marketplace.
Peter Williamson, a professor of management at Cambridge University, challenges the notion that China doesn't have technological know-how.
"They are some of the biggest in launching satellites," said Williamson, co-author of "Dragons at Your Door: How Chinese Cost Innovation is Disrupting Global Competition." "They have a lot of technology locked up in the military, and now the government is reducing budgets and pressing agencies to privatize. So suddenly, a lot of technology people thought didn't exist has come out from behind the curtain."
This is what China is betting on.
At BYD, executives are ramping up research and development spending, studying global marketing strategies. Founded in 1995 by a scientist who studied metallurgy, the company has made lithium batteries, cellphones, camera equipment, auto parts and other components for Nokia, Motorola and Sony, among others, giving it experience in producing high quality goods.
"The technology for a car is not that sophisticated," Lin said. "It's big but a lot of low technology."
Five years ago, BYD purchased a state-owned automaker to help make the transition.
Another company hoping to make the leap is Hasee Computer, a fast-growing computer maker also based in Shenzhen, in an area that is also home to Huawei, the giant Chinese telecom equipment maker.
Founded six years ago, Hasee is already selling 100,000 laptops a month and is the No.2 Chinese computer maker behind Lenovo, with revenues forecast to reach $800 million this year.
Hasee executives say the company is spending heavily on research and development and that by focusing on innovative computers and laptops that now sell for just $370, it is on track to become the world's biggest computer maker within a decade.
"Our strategy in China is to always focus on innovation," said Zhang Xianyong, a Hasee vice president and sales manager for greater China. "We're now in the domestic market, but we'll spare no effort to grab overseas expansion."
Analysts say there are dozens of other little known semiconductor, software and telecom equipment makers that could emerge as global companies over the next two decades.
The government is pressing companies to move up the value chain for economic, but also political reasons, analysts say. Promoting innovation and brand-name companies is likely to bolster the economy and create better jobs.
The Hong Kong Small Business Association projects that by the end of the year 20,000 factories in southern China will have closed or left China.
In April, Credit Suisse forecast that one-third of all export-oriented manufacturers could close within three years. A study released in March by the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai and Booz & Company, the consulting firm, said foreign investors were growing bearish on China and that rising costs were driving some U.S. manufacturers out of the country.
For many Chinese economists, that's just fine.
"The low end industries used to make a great contribution to Guangdong" Province, said Liang Guiquan, an economist at the Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences, a government research institute in southeast China. "But an enterprise is like a creation. They must get used to changes in the environment. If the environment changes, they must die out."
作者：MariahSarey 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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