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你先说说什么是"民主"。已经提醒过你补习文化。 -- yoke - (13 Byte) 2006-10-24 周二, 上午4:01 (73 reads) |
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作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
民主的形式
关于民主的多种形式，西方研修者有人描述如后面所书。其不完整
中文版附在最后面，仅供婴幼儿初步入门。
仅仅美式民主，也可分为几种：
初期的白人男性公民（奴隶主和自由民）的代议制民主；
南北战争时期的北方白人男性主张废除奴隶制的代议制民主；
南北战争时期的南方白人男性拥护奴隶制的代议制民主；
１９１９年女权运动以来的白人男女公民为主体的代议制民主；
１９６０年民权运动以来的白人及有色人男女公民的代议制民主；和
非洲裔美国黑人在非洲西海岸建立的＂美式民主＂
（未曾得到美国本土＂美式民主＂的主动认同，主要可能因为形象太差。
还不如民朋）
下面是关于民主的多种形式的英文版和中文版（西方研修者的描述）：
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy#Varieties
Varieties
Democracy
Anticipatory democracy
Athenian democracy
Consensus democracy
Deliberative democracy
Direct democracy
Liberal democracy
Non-partisan democracy
Participatory democracy
Representative democracy
Republican democracy
Social democracy
Soviet democracy
Demarchy
Politics Portal · edit
Main article: Democracy (varieties)
The definition of democracy is made complex by the varied concepts used at different periods of history in different contexts. Political systems, or proposed political systems, claiming or claimed to be democratic have ranged very broadly. For example:
Aristotle contrasted rule by the many (democracy/polity), with rule by the few (oligarchy/aristocracy), and with rule by a single person (monarchy/tyranny or today autocracy). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system.[9][10].
Sortition/Allotment have formed the basis of systems randomly selecting officers from the population:[11] For example, Aristotle described the law courts in Athens which were selected by lot as democratic[1] and described elections as oligarchic.[2]
Certain tribes organised themselves using forms of participatory democracy. [12]
Democracy is used to describe systems seeking consensus (see Deliberative democracy).[13]
Many socialists have argued that socialism necessarily implies democracy (see Democratic socialism). For this reason Socialist governments of the Communist East block often called themselves democratic. This use of democratic is however strongly disputed because most of these governments were De facto dictatorships kept in power by "sham" elections [citation needed] (for example, the former German Democratic Republic).[14]
Main varieties include:
Direct
Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens vote on all major policy decisions. It is called direct because, in the classical forms, there are no intermediaries or representatives. Current examples include many small civic organizations (like college faculties) and town meetings in New England (usually in towns under 10,000 population). Critics note that it sometimes emphasises the act of voting more than other democratic procedures such as free speech and press and civic organisations. That is, these critics argue, democracy is more than merely a procedural issue.[3]
All direct democracies to date have been relatively small communities; usually city-states. Today, a limited direct democracy exists in some Swiss cantons that practice it in its literal form. Direct democracy obviously becomes difficult when the electorate is large--for example some 30,000 or more citizens were eligible in Athenian democracy. However, the extensive use of referenda, as in California, is akin to direct democracy in a very large polity with over 20 million potential voters.[4] Modern direct democracy tries accommodate this problem and sees a role for strictly controlled representatives. It is characterised by three pillars; referendums (initiated by governments or legislatures or by citizens responding to legislation), initiatives (initiated by citizens) and recall elections (on holders of public office).[15]
Representative
Representative democracy is so named because the people select representatives to a governing body. Representatives may be chosen by the electorate as a whole (as in many proportional systems) or represent a particular district (or constituency), with some systems using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate some elements of direct democracy, such as referenda.
Liberal
Liberal democracy is a representative democracy (with free and fair elections) along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liberties (thus the name liberal) of speech, assembly, religion, and property. [16] [17] Conversely, an illiberal democracy is one where the protections that form a liberal democracy are either nonexistent, or not enforced. The experience in some post-Soviet states drew attention to the phenomenon, although it is not of recent origin. Napoleon III for example used plebiscites to ratify his imperial decisions.
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB
民主的形式
直接民主—又称为纯粹民主[1]，是一种人们直接投票决定政府政策的制度，例如决定是否接受或废除某种法案。之所以称为直接是因为决策的权力直接由人们所行使，而不经过任何媒介或代表。在历史上，这种形式的政府相当少见，因为在实践上要将人们全部聚集起来投票相当困难，所花费的成本和时间都非常高昂。所有直接民主都属于较小型的共同体，例如城邦。最值得注意的是古代的雅典民主。
代议民主则是较常被采用的制度，之所以称为代议制是因为人们并非直接投票决定政府政策，而是选出民意代表来参与政府实体或议会。民意代表可能是由全体选民选出（如比例代表制）或代表特定的区域（通常是依据地理划分的选举区），一些制度则混合了这两种方式。许多代议民主制也结合了一些直接民主的成分，例如公民投票
许多一党执政的共产主义国家也会以民主自称，例如（前）德意志民主共和国和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国。但他们明显的将政治权力给予统治阶层的共产党成员，称之为民主集中制。
在今天，民主通常用以称呼代议民主制的其中一种形式—自由民主制，在自由民主制里被选出的民意代表、以及多数人的民意在行使决策权力时必须受到法治的限制，通常是用一套宪法加以管制，以强调对于个人和少数派的自由和权利的保护。这种形式的政府在近年来越来越常见，目前世界上将近一半的人口都生活在自由民主制政权之下[2]。
相反的，非自由民主制则用以形容那些“有民主”、却没有保障自由的制度。这在许多后苏联的国家相当常见，不过这种现象并非最近才出现的。
作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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