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 美国煤矿工人每年的死亡、受伤统计 |
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和合
[个人文集]
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加入时间: 2004/02/14
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作者：和合 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
Injury Trends in Mining
Since the earliest days of mining, the job of digging coal and other useful materials out of the earth has been considered one of
the world's most dangerous occupations. Public concern about the toll of deaths, injuries and destruction in mine accidents has
prompted passage of much-needed safety legislation and intensified the search for safer methods and improved training practices
and technology. Growing cooperation among industry, labor and government also has contributed to making mining safer and
more healthful, especially in recent years.
As a result of these initiatives, mining deaths and injuries have significantly declined in this century, although even the current
relatively low injury numbers and frequency rates are still unacceptable to safety professionals in the American mining community
and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
The Tragic Early Toll
From 1880 to 1910, mine explosions and other accidents claimed thousands of victims. The deadliest year in U.S. coal mining
history was 1907, when 3,242 deaths occurred. That year, America's worst mine explosion ever killed 358 people near
Monongah, WV.
While metal and nonmetal (non-coal) mining was less deadly than coal mining, available records for the era show that it, too,
was highly hazardous. Fires, explosions and cave-ins caused many deaths and injuries. One of the deadliest non-coal mining
accidents involved a mine fire in Montana that killed 163 men in 1917.
With each passing decade, the annual number of mining deaths and the even more significant rates of injuries (measuring
numbers of injuries against hours worked) have declined.
Decades of Difficult but Impressive Progress
Total deaths in all types of U.S. mining, which had averaged 1,500 or more during earlier decades, decreased on average during
the 1990's, to under 100 and reached a record low of 80 in 1998. There were 87 mining fatalities in 1999. The average annual
injuries to miners have also decreased steadily.
Where annual coal mining deaths had numbered more than 1,000 a year in the early part of the 20th century, they decreased to
an average of about 451 annual fatalities in the 1950s, and to 141 in the 1970s. The yearly average in coal mining decreased to
45 fatalities during the 1990's.
Less dramatic yet still impressive have been the safety gains in metal and nonmetal mining. There were an average of 233 deaths
yearly in the 1930s, compared to 51 fatalities annually in the 1990-99 period.
Significant reductions in rates of mining deaths also have been achieved over the years.
For example, the rate of coal mining deaths decreased from about .20 fatalities per 200,000 hours worked by miners (or one
death per million production hours) in 1970 to about .07 fatalities in 1977 and an average of .03 fatalities for the 1995-99
period.
The metal and nonmetal mining death rate per 200,000 employee hours averaged .02 for the 1995-99 period, compared to
average yearly rates about seven times higher in the 1930s and three times as high in the 1950s.
The year 1998 was the safest year in modern mining history, with a total of 80 coal and metal and nonmetal mining fatalities.
There was an all-time low 29 coal mining fatalities in 1998, compared to the previous all-time coal industry low of 30 in 1997.
There were 34 fatalities in 1999 - the third lowest total recorded. During a period in 1992, from May 27 to July 14, the coal
mining industry did not experience any fatal accidents while producing many million tons of coal--a period of rare length in mining
history.
The all-time low for metal and nonmetal mining fatalities was 40 in 1994, compared to 43 in 1992, the second safest year in
non-coal mining. There were 53 metal and nonmetal mining fatalities in 1999.
Entire Mining Community Involved in Safety Gains
A combination of factors has been responsible for the dramatic safety gains in the U.S. mining industry since the turn of the
century. The major elements of these accomplishments have been the following:
Congressional creation in 1910 of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, whose primary roles were to investigate accidents, advise
industry, conduct production and safety research and teach courses in accident prevention, first aid and mine rescue;
Federal and state laws to better advise and regulate the mining industry, to extend coverage to all types of miners, to
require or encourage use of successful safety procedures and technology, to provide effective miner training, and to focus
on reducing or eliminating the most serious hazards. The most far-reaching laws were the Federal Coal Mine Health and
Safety Act of 1969 and the more comprehensive Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977;
Creation in 1973 of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration in the Interior Department, which assumed safety
and health enforcement responsibilities from the Bureau of Mines. And four years later, following passage of the 1977
Act, creation of the present Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), which was moved to the Labor
Department.
Introduction of vastly safer and more productive mining machines and systems, ever-safer mining methods, a growing
awareness of the importance of effective accident prevention programs among both management and miners, and a more
cooperative attitude toward safety issues by the mining industry, labor and government.
Fatalities and Injuries for All Mining
(Coal & Noncoal)
Year
Average Annual
Deaths
Average Annual
Injuries
1936-1940
1,546
81,342
1941-1945
1,592
82,825
1946-1950
1,054
63,367
1951-1955
690
38,510
1956-1960
550
28,805
1961-1965
449
23,204
1966-1970
426
22,435
1971-1975
322
33,963
1976-1980
254
41,220
1981-1985
174
24,290
1986-1990
122
27,524
1991-1999
93
21,351
作者：和合 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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