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作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
INDEPTH: FORCES OF NATURE
World's worst natural disasters since 1900
CBC News Online | January 11, 2005
The following is a list of some of the worst natural calamities to strike the world since 1900. The list is by definition arguable. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, cyclones, hurricanes and other storms are all clearly natural phenomena.
The picture is less clear for disasters like floods and famine. What some people may consider a natural disaster, others may consider more of a political act (for instance, some of the world's deadliest floods and famines were caused, at least in part, by policy decisions taken by hostile, indifferent or negligent regimes).
For our purposes, we have included floods and famines in our list. We will also include flu pandemics, on the assumption that disasters that are not man-made are by definition (at least, our definition) natural.
This list is also limited to disasters since 1900 – an arbitrary cut-off to be sure – but one made to reflect so-called "modern day" disasters only. The death tolls from disasters in the long-distant past are, at best, rough estimates. But there can be no doubt that our pre-1900 ancestors endured some appalling disasters – the bubonic plague ("The Black Death") that spread through Europe beginning in 1348 wiped out an estimated one-third of humanity, about 25 million people.
And finally, by "worst" we mean the deadliest, not the costliest. So the list will exclude 1992's hurricane Andrew, which caused an estimated $25 billion US in damage in Florida and Louisiana, but left "only" 26 people dead.
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Earthquakes/Tsunamis (with 100,000 deaths or more)
An Acehnese man walks amid debris of destroyed buildings in Banda Aceh, Dec. 27, 2004. (AP Photo Achmad Ibrahim)
July 28, 1976 - The world's most devastating quake of the 20th century (magnitude 7. hit the sleeping city of Tangshan, in northeast China. The official death toll was 242,000. But some unofficial estimates put the actual number of dead as high as 655,000.
May 22, 1927 - A magnitude 7.9 quake near Xining, China, killed 200,000
Dec. 16, 1920 - China was also the site for the world's third-deadliest quake of the 20th century. An estimated 200,000 died when a magnitude 8.6 temblor hit Gansu, triggering massive landslides.
Dec. 26, 2004 - A magnitude 9.0 quake struck off the coast of Sumatra, triggering tsunamis that swept through the coastal regions of a dozen countries bordering the Indian Ocean. More than 156,000 died and thousands more are missing.
Sept. 1, 1923 - A third of Tokyo and most of Yokohama were levelled when a magnitude 8.3 earthquake shook Japan. About 143,000 were killed as fires ravaged much of Tokyo.
Dec. 28, 1908 - Southern Italy was ravaged by a 7.2 magnitude quake that triggered a tsunami that hit the Messina-Reggio-Calabria area, killing 123,000.
Oct. 5, 1948 - More than 110,000 were killed when a 7.3 quake rolled through the area around Ashgebat in Turkmenistan.
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Volcanic Eruptions
May 8, 1902 - Mt. Pelee erupted on the Caribbean island of Martinique, destroying the capital city of St. Pierre. Up to 40,000 were killed.
Nov. 13-14, 1985 - At least 25,000 are killed near Armero, Colombia, when the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted, triggering mudslides.
July 15, 1991 - Mt. Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines erupted, blanketing 750 square kilometres with volcanic ash. More than 800 died.
Two of the most famous eruptions took place before our 1900 cut-off. In 1883, two-thirds of the Indonesian island of Krakatoa was destroyed when a volcano erupted. A resulting series of tsunamis killed more than 36,000. And in 79 AD, Mt. Vesuvius erupted in southern Italy, destroying the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and two other communities. Thousands died.
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Hurricanes/Cyclones/Floods
Rosa Castillo cries in front of the remains of her house in Choluteca, in southern Honduras, Nov. 9, 1998. Neigbourhood were wiped out by the Choluteca river when the river overflowed due to heavy rains caused by Tropical Storm Mitch. (AP Photo/Scott Dalton)
July-August 1931 - Massive flooding of China's Yangtze River led to more than three million deaths from drowning, disease and starvation.
Nov. 13, 1970 - A cyclone in the Ganges Delta killed at least 300,000 in Bangladesh.
July 1, 1991 - Cyclones triggered flooding in Bangladesh that killed 138,000.
August 1971 - An estimated 100,000 died when heavy rains led to severe flooding around Hanoi in what was then North Vietnam.
Aug. 5, 1975 - At least 85.000 were killed along the Yangtze River in China when more than 60 dams failed following a series of storms, causing widespread flooding and famine. This disaster was kept secret by the Chinese government for 20 years.
Oct. 26 - Nov. 4, 1998 - Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest hurricane to hit the Americas. It killed 11,000 in Honduras and Nicaragua and left 2.5 million homeless.
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Pandemics/Famines
1918-1919 - An epidemic of "Spanish Flu" spread around the world. At least 20 million died, although some estimates put the final toll at 50 million. It's estimated that between 20 per cent and 40 per cent of the entire world's population got sick.
1957-1958 - The Asian flu swept around the world, making it the second flu pandemic of the century.
1968 - The Hong Kong flu became the third flu pandemic of the 20th century. The World Health Organization estimated that a total of 1.5 million died in the Asian and Hong Kong flu pandemics.
1980 to present - Toll from AIDS worldwide since 1980 is estimated at 25 million, with 40 million others infected with HIV.
1959-1961 - The "Great Leap Famine" cost an estimated 20 million to 40 million lives in China as the policies of Mao Zedong resulted in massive social and economic upheaval. China was also hit by major famines in 1907, 1928-1930, 1936 and 1941-1942.
1932-1933 - Failures in Soviet central planning and Stalin's decision to withhold food from the Ukraine led to huge loss of life. At least five million Ukrainians were among the seven million victims of that famine.
1921 - A Soviet famine in 1921 began with a drought that caused massive crop failures. The initial death toll was greatly magnified when Lenin refused to acknowledge the famine and sent no aid. The Soviets later estimated that 5.1 million died.
1984-1985 - Famine killed at least one million in Ethiopia as severe drought led to desperate food shortages.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey, World Health Organization, Associated Press, disasterrelief.org, NOAA, Guinness World Records, Oxfam
作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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