加人
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加入时间: 2004/02/14
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作者：加人 在 寒山小径 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
信贤师.
先受学生加奴一拜. 我是个洗厕所的护工, 医院方为了刁难我. 指定要我在明天,十四号.给Critical thinking下定义.
我在网上下载 美国 University of New Mexico 的论文.
明天一早上班时就交功课. 但我对这很感兴趣.译成中文. 请你替我改一改我的中文翻译. 从我的翻译看看我有没有了解原文.
请你改一改. 不是为交功课.而是为改进我的思维.我会终生保留.
reflcition 深思,考虑,反省*Reasonable, reflective thinking focused on what to believe or do (Ennis & Milman, 1985)合情理的深沉思考聚焦于什么可信和应做.
*The propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism (McPeck, 1990)做事带着怀疑的思想倾向.
*Purposeful goal directed thinking (Halpern, 1989)
坚定的,以目标指导的思考
*The art of thinking about thinking while thinking to make thinking better (Paul & Heaslip, 1995) 使思路更加正确的思考艺术
*Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment (Facione, 1990) 有目的,
自我调整的判断
What it is NOT 非批判性思考
- Common sense常识
- Spontaneous responses 自然反应
- Regular or “normal” thinking 平常或”自然,正常”的想法
- Being critical or judgmental 批评别人,挑别人的错
- Disorganized 缺乏组织, 没建成系统, 没条理分明 混乱
-Task-oriented 以完成任务为目的.
-Working in isolation 在孤独中工作
- Being competitive 和别人争强斗胜 好竞争
- Inability to communicate with others 不能和别人沟通
- Lack of concern with motives, facts, underlying reasons
不考虑动机,事实, 不去想底下的原因. 非表面的原因.
- Emotion-driven 被当时情绪所驱动
What are some related concepts?有关的概念
- Mind Map 心图
- Logic and reasoning 逻辑推理
- Creativity 有创造精神, 敢创造条件, 有创造性.
- Intuition 直觉
- Emotional intelligence 情商
- Problem solving 解决问题
- Nursing process 护理工的程序
- Decision making 敢作决定
- Clinical or diagnostic reasoning 临床和诊断的推理
- Reflective practice 深刻思想的练习
- Clinical judgment 临床的判断
-Con`vergent or di`vergent thinking 聚合,求同,收敛的思考 . 分叉,求不同的, 分散的思考
How does this translate to nursing?
• Reflective, reasonable thinking about nursing problems without a single solution [rĭ`flεk] 要深思,考虑,反省 合理的思考, 没有单一的解决方案
• Clinical decision making or diagnostic reasoning or Professional judgment 专业的判断
• Reflective practice [rĭ`flεktive] 深思,考虑,反省的练习
Why is it essential to be a Critical Thinker in nursing? 做一个凡事思考者 在护理中很重要
- To manage complex dilemmas 去处理复杂的进退两难的困境
- For empowerment and liberation 更有能力处理问题和有自由
- To exchange views and information 去交换想法
- To broaden or change my thinking and learning 去扩展我的思考或改变我的思考. 去扩展我的学习或改变我的学习.
- For self-actualization 自我实现. 自我更加完美.
What are some factors which impede or enhance critical thinking?
- Moral development道德发展,进步 (fair mindedness) 公平
- Age, self confidence 年龄和自信 >有利 也有弊. 年龄使人经验丰富.但也使人守旧, 被旧的”常识”所误导. 自信使人坚定有主见, 也使人固执己见. 坚持旧错.
- Dislikes, prejudices, biases 不喜欢某人某事, 歧视, 偏见,偏心
- Interpersonal skills 人际关系的技能
- Reading and writing skills 阅读和写作的技能
- Anxiety, stress, fatigue 焦虑, 受压力大, 疲倦 不利思考
- Time factors 时间因素 时间过急不利思考
- Environmental distractions or comforts 环境分心不利思考.不舒服不利思考
- Lack of motivation or positive reinforcement 没动机,没动力不利思考. 没正面的鼓舞 不利思考 如自称,被称”蠢苯”
- Past experiences 过去的经验有利,有弊. 特别是大陆人大想法. 我家里的传统想法. 我自己的错误旧想法.
- Support systems—`mentors, coaches, colleagues, family, friends 支持系统- [希神]门特忠诚的朋友和智囊谋士,贤明的顾问,导师,指导者, 教练, 同事, 朋友们.
What are some key assumptions for critical thinking?一些关键的假定
- It is rational 它是合理的
- It involves con`cep.tua.li`zation 涉及概念化
- It requires re`flection [rĭ`flεkʃn] 要深思,考虑,反省
- It is a nonlinear process that expands problem solving and nursing process 它是个非直线的,步骤,过程,程序>展开问题的解决
- It involves both cognitive and affective skills 它涉及认识和感情的技艺
- The skills can be taught, learned, and measured 这技能是可被教会,被学会和可被测量高底,打分数的
- The skills need to be practiced and reinforced 这技能是需要被练习和强化的
- It involves creative thinking 要有创造的想法.
- It requires basic and advanced nursing knowledge 要有基础的和先进的护理知识
- It is both a process and an outcome 它既是个过程又是个结果
- It is embedded in my practice 它嵌入, 稳插深埋在我的实践中
Are you a Critical Thinker? Do you…
- Explore underlying thinking and assumptions 探索潜伏的思想和假定
- Base judgments on facts and reasoning 判断基于事实和推理,根据
- Suspend judgment until I have all the data 延迟下结论直到我有了所有的资料.
- Support views with evidence 以证据支持观点
- Evaluate the credibility of sources 鉴别这信息来源的可靠性
- Turn mistakes into learning opportunities 将错误变成学习的好机会
- Ask “Why?” and “Why not?” 问为什么要这样做? 为何不这样做 ?
- Be open to possibilities 开放自己 迎接各种可能性
- Seek themes, patterns, trends 寻找主旋律,样板,和趋向
- Follow hunches 跟随直觉和预感
What are some traits or dispositions of Critical Thinkers? 一些 特点或个性,倾向
APA Delphi Study (Facione, 1990)
- Truth-seeking – courageous about asking questions, honest and objective in pursuing inquiry 寻求真相- 勇敢去提问题,在探究中诚实和客观
- Open-mindedness – sensitive to own bias, respect rights of others to hold differing opinions 心态开放,能接受新的思想,知道自己一定有偏见, 所以也尊重别人持不同看法.
- A`naly`ti.city 分析分解– alert to potentially proble`matic situations 警惕潜伏的会出问题的局势
- Syste`matics分类法,体系, – organized, orderly, focused, diligent inquiry 有组织, 有秩序,集中焦点,勤奋的探查
- Self-confidence – trust in own reasoning 自信心-相信自己的推理
- Inquisitiveness – intellectual curiousity, values being well informed 好问,好奇,爱钻研-智力的好奇心, 消息灵通,见多识广,在特定的方面,博闻的.
- Maturity – disposed to make reflective judgments 成熟,完善,准备好 – 想去作深刻思考.
- Reflection深思, Perseverance坚持, Con`textual perspective, Creativity创造性, Flexibility灵活,变通,能适应, Intuition直觉能力
What are some cognitive skills of Critical Thinkers?
APA Delphi Study (Facione, 1990)
- Interpretation解译 – categorization分类, decoding significance译解重要性, clarifying meaning 澄清意思
- Analysis分析 – examining ideas检验想法, detecting and analyzing arguments 探究和分析争论
- Evaluation – assessing claims and arguments 评估-
评价声称和争论
- Inference推出结论, 推理 – querying evidence, conjecturing alternatives, drawing conclusions [kwĭri;] [kwεri;]质疑证据, [kən`dʒεktʃɚ] 推测,猜测不同的解决办法. 作出,形成结论
- Explanation –stating results, justifying procedures, presenting arguments
- Self-monitoring -- self-examination and correction 自我监督-自我考试和自我改正.
- Information seeking, Discriminating, Predicting, 寻找资料,辨别真假,区别对待, 预测.
What is a Holistic Approach to Critical Thinking?
- Critical Listening = monitoring how I listen 监督我对别人说话的听法.
- Critical Thinking = disciplined, self-directed, thinking about thinking =受过训练的,自我指导的, 考虑思想方法
- Critical Writing = requires disciplined thinking, expression of disciplined thinking =要有训练过的想法,表达受过训练的想法.
- Critical Reading = inner dialogue with writer, enter point of view of writer 和作者的内在的对话, 进入作者的观点.
- Critical Speaking = others gain in-depth understanding of speaker’s perspective 别人对发言人的观点能获得深入的理解
reflections [rĭ`flεkʃn] 深思,考虑,反省
作者：加人 在 寒山小径 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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