加人
[个人文集]
警告次数: 2
加入时间: 2004/02/14
文章: 13891
经验值: 330971
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作者：加人 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
信天翁, 然然, 老右, KONAMI, 非文人, 消极,插言..
......
我的案情很曲折. 上司通知我上班后. 突然打电话给我.说发牌处
在调查我. 调查期吊销执照. 于是我在家里等了两个多星期..
等到我钱用光了. 我打电话给发牌处. 说你们要等到什么时候?
他们给一会信我说. 你的执照从未被吊销. 现在还是调查阶段.
那就是坏消息中的好消息. 看来他们也认为案情不太严重.
医院让我上班. 但是给我很多考试. 指定我要上网.
有线公司 说,如有人脱离卫星电视. 交出接受器. 他们送我一个他们的接收器. 免费三个月看电视和上网. 我有三个接收器. 我交出了一个最旧的. 真是及时雨!
医院要我谈 critical thinking .我上网下了些资料.
问谁是critical thinker ?
我想, 这不正是我主子信天翁一生的写照吗?
我想请老主子用中文谈一下这个题目.
上次大难临头时. 如日本第1次侵略中国. 令我想放声大哭.
现在我的灾难还没完. 但如有不幸发生.
就像日本第2次侵略中国.
我已有当亡国奴的思想准备.
大学医院在我来之前摔死了两个老病人.昨天, 一楼又摔死一个病人. 真是令人害拍.
我现在等发牌处调查完. 如真的吊销我. 工会会帮我上诉.
如果牌保住.
我考过医院的试. 我就尽快离开这该死的大学医院.
回到市中心医院打散工.
工可能不多.但我有安全.
现在很忙.不能多说话. 很多书要读.
谢谢加友们对我的关心.
critical thinking
• Reasonable, reflective thinking focused on what to believe or do (Ennis & Milman, 1985)
• The propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism (McPeck, 1990)
• Purposeful goal directed thinking (Halpern, 1989)
• The art of thinking about thinking while thinking to make thinking better (Paul & Heaslip, 1995)
• Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment (Facione, 1990)
What it is NOT
• Common sense
• Spontaneous responses
• Regular or “normal” thinking
• Being critical or judgmental
• Disorganized
• Task-oriented
• Working in isolation
• Being competitive
• Inability to communicate with others
• Lack of concern with motives, facts, underlying reasons
• Emotion-driven
What are some related concepts?
• Mind Map
• Logic and reasoning
• Creativity
• Intuition
• Emotional intelligence
• Problem solving
• Nursing process
• Decision making
• Clinical or diagnostic reasoning
• Reflective practice
• Clinical judgment
• Convergent or divergent thinking
How does this translate to nursing?
• Reflective, reasonable thinking about nursing problems without a single solution
• Clinical decision making or diagnostic reasoning or Professional judgment
• Reflective practice
Why is it essential to be a Critical Thinker in nursing?
• To manage complex dilemmas
• For empowerment and liberation
• To exchange views and information
• To broaden or change our thinking and learning
• For self-actualization
What are some factors which impede or enhance critical thinking?
• Moral development (fair mindedness)
• Age, self confidence
• Dislikes, prejudices, biases
• Interpersonal skills
• Reading and writing skills
• Anxiety, stress, fatigue
• Time factors
• Environmental distractions or comforts
• Lack of motivation or positive reinforcement
• Past experiences
• Support systems—mentors, coaches, colleagues, family, friends
What are some key assumptions for critical thinking?
• It is rational
• It involves conceptualization
• It requires reflection
• It is a nonlinear process that expands problem solving and nursing process
• It involves both cognitive and affective skills
• The skills can be taught, learned, and measured
• The skills need to be practiced and reinforced
• It involves creative thinking
• It requires basic and advanced nursing knowledge
• It is both a process and an outcome
• It is embedded in our practice
Are you a Critical Thinker? Do you…
• Explore underlying thinking and assumptions
• Base judgments on facts and reasoning
• Suspend judgment until you have all the data
• Support views with evidence
• Evaluate the credibility of sources
• Turn mistakes into learning opportunities
• Ask “Why?” and “Why not?”
• Be open to possibilities
• Seek themes, patterns, trends
• Follow hunches
What are some traits or dispositions of Critical Thinkers?
APA Delphi Study (Facione, 1990)
• Truth-seeking – courageous about asking questions, honest and objective in pursuing inquiry
• Open-mindedness – sensitive to own bias, respect rights of others to hold differing opinions
• Analyticity – alert to potentially problematic situations
• Systematicity – organized, orderly, focused, diligent inquiry
• Self-confidence – trust in own reasoning
• Inquisitiveness – intellectual curiousity, values being well informed
• Maturity – disposed to make reflective judgments
• Reflection, Perseverance, Contextual perspective, Creativity, Flexibility, Intuition (Nursing Delphi Study, Scheffer & Rubenfeld, 2000)
What are some cognitive skills of Critical Thinkers?
APA Delphi Study (Facione, 1990)
• Interpretation – categorization, decoding significance, clarifying meaning
• Analysis – examining ideas, detecting and analyzing arguments
• Evaluation – assessing claims and arguments
• Inference – quering evidence, conjecturing alternatives, drawing conclusions
• Explanation –stating results, justifying procedures, presenting arguments
• Self-monitoring -- self-examination and correction
• Information seeking, Discriminating, Predicting, Applying Standards, Logical reasoning (Nursing Delphi Study, Scheffer & Rubenfeld, 2000)
What are some Nursing Models or conceptual frameworks related to critical thinking?
• Novice vs. Expert or Struggling vs. Exemplary nurses (Benner, 1984; Beeken, 1997)
• T.H.I.N.K. Model (Rubenfeld & Scheffer, 1995)
• Critical Thinking Interaction Model (Miller & Babcock, 1996)
• Nursing judgment model (Kataoka-Yahiro & Saylor, 1994)
• Curricular model for evaluation (Videbeck, 1997)
• Conceptual framework based on consensus statement for evaluation of specific outcomes and competencies (Facione, 1990; Dexter et al., 1997; Colucciello, 1997)
• Four Steps for Problem Analysis and Positive Problem Solving (Jackson, 2004)
How do we put the pieces together to see the Big Picture and relate the concepts for nursing?
(see Mind Map)
• Begin with Triggers or a particular event or dilemma or complex problem
• Go to Starting Points or types of thinking that help us begin the process, i.e. brainstorming, intuition, thinking aloud, reflective thinking
• Build on the Scaffolds or knowledge, skills and expertise that supports our ability to think critically
• Lead into the Processes which involve different types of thinking that contribute to critical thinking, i.e. convergent and divergent thinking, reflection, nursing process, problem solving, creative thinking, diagnostic reasoning
• Follow with Outcomes which may include problem resolution, alternative solutions, clinical judgments, reflective practice
• Evaluate Triggers
• Continuous and iterative loop—A Mind Map for Critical Thinking in Nursing
What is a Holistic Approach to Critical Thinking?
• Critical Listening = monitoring how we listen
• Critical Thinking = disciplined, self-directed, thinking about thinking
• Critical Writing = requires disciplined thinking, expression of disciplined thinking
• Critical Reading = inner dialogue with writer, enter point of view of writer
• Critical Speaking = others gain in-depth understanding of speaker’s perspective
What are some final reflections?
• Critical thinking is both a process and an outcome
• Critical thinking involves reflection in knowing and in action and self monitoring
• Critical thinking is composed of specific traits or dispositions and cognitive skills.
• Nursing utilizes critical thinking as diagnostic reasoning and professional or clinical judgment.
• Nursing supports critical thinking in Reflective Practice
• Critical thinking in nursing is based on a triggering event or situation, a starting point, scaffolds, processes, and outcomes that make up a continuous or iterative feedback loop
References for What is Critical Thinking
相当有趣!
作者：加人 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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给信天翁和加友们
