飞云
加入时间: 2004/02/14
文章: 4072
经验值: 434
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作者：飞云 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
高人解析一下西方人這篇指手劃腳的文章
下面這篇文章, 是一篇通篇誤導, 通篇語言陷阱, 指責中國這又不開放, 那又不透明.
不知道西方的軍事太空科技對中國開放多少? 是不是中國人要求參觀他們的任何場地, 任何實驗室, 都有求必應?, 他們的場地, 實驗室, 是不是向全世界都開放, 誰都可以參觀? 是不是中國一定按他們的要求, 才叫開放?
作者在布一個條件陷阱, 如果中國想成為所謂'國際太空角式', 那就剝光豬, 把你們的軍事太空全部曬出來, 讓我們看清楚再說吧. 這就是西方的自以為是及傲慢.
Transparency Crucial to Chinese International Space Role
http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/sto...%20Space%20Role
May 4, 2008
By Craig Covault
China's secrecy-bound space program, increasingly capable of advanced operations, risks becoming an impediment to international, cooperative lunar and planetary exploration unless it becomes far more open, say top international space policy managers meeting with their Chinese counterparts here.
Control by the People's Liberation Army of virtually all Chinese space development will be a counterproductive factor "as the center of gravity for space exploration is beginning to move from the Atlantic to the Pacific," according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
As a result, John Hamre, CSIS chairman, says his organization is beginning a major initiative to promote better international coordination of exploration - starting with China, given the growing Asia-Pacific-region interest in lunar and planetary missions. To that end, CSIS hosted an invitation-only Global Space Development Summit here Apr. 23-25 with about 100 participants, half of them top Chinese officials and half U.S., European and Asian space policy experts or key managers.
"We hope we can start a discussion that will lead at first to ad hoc exploration cooperation for missions beyond Earth and ultimately to the creation of governance structures that will be critical to make exploration sustainable," says Hamre.
Jacques Blamont, a French pioneer in early planetary mission collaboration, especially between France and Russia on Venus missions, recommends that a relatively informal international space governance forum be created to keep pace with new international mission concepts.
Chinese participants said the CSIS forum was one of the highest-level gatherings of civil and military Chinese space officials ever assembled with international counterparts.
The CSIS team offered some pointed advice to the Chinese. Among other things, the team says, China needs to realize that the secrecy and anti-news-media tone used in business deals cannot apply to the international space cooperation planning. In fact, Francois Auque, CEO of EADS Astrium, stressed that space is fundamentally a government business, involving national policy issues that demand broader transparency than the Chinese have been willing to allow whenever cooperation is involved.
And Auque noted that national space programs garner far more interest around the world than individual business projects do, because they combine exploration and diplomacy - something China has failed to master.
"What happens between the U.S. and China in space over the next 20 years will be extremely important to the world, both technologically and philosophically - as well as to Europe and other nations," Auque said.
China's space development and research program both impresses and frustrates other spacefaring nations. While the debris field created by the January 2007 anti-satellite test threatens spacecraft of all countries, positive examples raised at the summit include:
* Commitment to space: There are 200,000 Chinese engineers and technicians involved in R&D work that includes aerospace materials, propulsion, multi-wavelength sensors, robotics, space nuclear power and a host of other technologies needed to operate in space - be it near Earth, on the Moon or beyond.
* Rocket propulsion: New oxygen/kerosene and oxygen/hydrogen rocket engine systems for the coming Long March 5 booster line have completed multiple firing tests and are now being integrated with their airframes and tankage for flights as early as 2010 for some versions, according to Sun Liayan, who heads the China National Space Administration (CNSA). The new vehicles will give China rocket capabilities comparable to the U.S. Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program (see graphic, p. 30).
* New spacesuit: China has completed development and most tests on a new extravehicular activity (EVA) spacesuit, a significant hardware challenge. It will be used by a Chinese astronaut on China's first EVA planned for October on the three-man Shenzhou VII flight, China's third manned space mission.
While the Chinese adopted the Russia "Sokol" lightweight aircraft-derived pressure suit for the Shenzhou launch and landing operations, they developed their own EVA spacesuit instead of using the old Russian Orlan EVA design, Pan Jian, deputy Shenzhou design chief, told Aviation Week & Space Technology. A large painting of the EVA indicated that it will involve the astronaut exiting the side hatch of the Shenzhou orbital module, then moving aft toward the reentry and service modules using handholds to demonstrate basic EVA capability.
* Advanced Shenzhou plans: Large graphics displayed at the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC) headquarters building at the campus of the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center depict two Shenzhou spacecraft docking their orbital modules together. A separate graphic shows a Shenzhou docking with a Chinese human-tended station resembling the Russian Mir design (see artist's concept on facing page).
Liu Fang, vice president of CASC, said the graphics depict the Shenzhou plan for the next several years, the development of EVA, then docking and finally the operation of a 20-ton-class human-tended station. But Liu and other top managers expressed the hope that the Shenzhou program could some day play a role with the International Space Station.
* Lunar robotic: Liu said the Chang'e 1 lunar orbiter would be followed in 2009-10 by a second of the Chang'e-type, but using different instrumentation in a different lunar orbit.
The Chinese are also in advanced development of a lander bus for delivery of a small rover to the lunar surface by about 2015. Liu said that, as first reported by Aviation Week & Space Technology, the lander system will be powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator to support the solar-powered rover during cold lunar nights (AW&ST May 23, 2005, p. 37; Jan. 7, p. 29).
A Chinese robotic lunar sample return mission could be attempted by 2017-20, he said.
Graphics on display indicated substantial work is underway on lander descent concepts, including landing-hazard-avoidance sensors and maneuvering software.
A senior manager for Chang'e, Peng Quing, said he could not discuss control center operations for the lunar orbiter "because it is run by the military." Another manager, Wu Yansheng, one of China's top space policy and space engineers, stressed that "China has no exact timetable for sending men to the Moon."
As the CSIS sessions got underway, two events further reinforced the prowess of the Chinese space program:
* Infrastructure buildup: On Apr. 25, the Chinese launched the first of two Tianlian relay spacecraft to initiate operations analogous to the U.S. Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system. The flight indicates that China is installing major infrastructure for long-term manned space operations. The Tianlian I spacecraft was launched from the Xichang space center on board a Long March 3C booster.
Tianlian I will increase communications coverage to nearly 50% for each Shenzhou orbit, compared with only about 12% coverage provided by Chinese ground stations and tracking ships. The satellite uses a DFH-3 bus which has been the basis for Chinese satcoms for the last 10 years.
* Commercial reemergence: The Wall Street Journal reported Apr. 26 that French satellite operator Eutelsat has purchased insurance enabling it to use Chinese rockets for future launches, instead of Europe's Arianespace Ariane V. Long March boosters have had a 100% success record for the last 10 years, and they also cost about half the $120-million Ariane V.
The focal point of nearly every presentation by non-Chinese countries at the summit was the need for more openness and responsiveness in the Chinese program for it to be accepted as a full exploration partner.
The CSIS team cited its own experience in setting up the sessions. While cooperative meetings between any other space programs in the world can be set up within days or weeks - and was even formerly the case with the Chinese - current programs take unusually long. CSIS needed nearly three years to arrange its gathering in Beijing.
Another example of China's lack of openness occurred when the CSIS group were taken to the west Beijing campus of the new mission control center and astronaut training facility - but were allowed no further than a small visitor center museum just inside the gate. CSIS managers were led to believe the visit would be to operational facilities - not a museum - and CSIS had to strongly rebuff a Chinese effort to exclude some of its invited team from the trip altogether.
Displayed at the museum were the reentry vehicle for the Shenzhou VI spacecraft that in 2005 carried astronauts Nie Haisheng and Fei Junlong on China's second manned flight.
A full-scale Shenzhou engineering vehicle with its service module, reentry module and orbital module also on display indicated that the vehicle is about 20% larger than the Russian Soyuz it mimics. A DFH-4 satcom engineering bus illustrating the huge scale of this spacecraft, which failed on its initial flight, was displayed with an FSW reconnaissance satellite module like that still used by China.
Top Chinese managers, like CNSA's Sun, and Chinese Navy Rear Adm. Yang Yi of China's National Defense University, also agreed that "greater transparency" on behalf of China is needed for broader space cooperation. But the definition of "transparency" was open to interpretation.
Brian Dailey, senior vice president for Lockheed Martin and former executive secretary for the White House National Space Council, said that despite the differences between China and the international space community, the fact that the Beijing summit was held at such a senior level means "the cup is half full" in terms of whether China can begin to separate its military and civil space programs for cooperation, as both the U.S. and Russia had to do.
But before that can happen, new lunar and planetary exploration frameworks that account for policy realities like those raised by EADS Astrium's Auque must be honored openly by the communist party leadership, or China will be left out as international exploration initiatives depart for the Moon and beyond.
作者：飞云 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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西方人的自以為是及傲慢
