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中位值不能代表平均值，给你几个数据， -- Anonymous - (702 Byte) 2002-4-25 周四, 下午12:01 (312 reads) |
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作者：非文人 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
MEAN (Average) FAMILY INCOME
Mean (average) income of families with children is a good starting point for assessing the economic well-being of children since it measures an average family’s ability to purchase food, shelter, clothing, child care, and other basic goods and services required to raise children. When mean family income is rising, the likelihood is that children in an average family are enjoying a rising standard of living.
However, mean family income fails to capture important economic resources that may also be available to a family, such as employer-paid health benefits, Medicaid, or food stamps. Moreover, it says nothing about changes in the distribution of income across families. For a more complete picture of children’s economic well-being, it is necessary to look at several measures of economic well-being, including those in the following sections.
Accelerating Growth in Family Income Since 1992. Between 1975 and 1992, mean income of families with children (in constant 1995 dollars)1 grew by a very modest average annual percentage rate of 0.4 percent from $42,916 to $45,747, as shown in Figure ES 1.1.A. Between 1992 and 1995, the average annual growth rate accelerated to 3.1 percent.
Growth in Family Income by Family Type. In the past, this rise was not experienced equally across all family types. Between 1975 and 1992, female-headed families enjoyed only a modest 0.3 average annual percentage increase from $18,410 to $20,354, while married-couple families with children showed an average annual increase in average incomes of 0.9 percent, from $47,572 to $55,115.2 However, this difference in growth rates reversed after 1992. Family income increased at an average annual rate of 3.4 percent for married-couple families and 3.9 percent for female-headed families.
Differences in Family Income by Family Type. There has long been a substantial gap in family income between female-headed and married-couple families, and that gap has been growing since 1975 (see Figure ES 1.1.A). In 1995, children in married-couple families enjoyed a substantial income advantage over children in female-headed families, with mean family incomes over 2.8 times as large ($60,854 versus $21,905).
As Table ES 1.1 shows, this disparity is similar within white, black, and Hispanic families with ratios ranging from 2.4 for Hispanics ($38,145 versus $15,945) to 3.0 for black families ($53,078 versus $17,645).
Differences in Mean Family Income by Race and Ethnicity. Mean family incomes are substantially higher for white families with children than for black and Hispanic families with children. Table ES 1.1 shows that, in 1995, whites enjoyed family incomes that were about 65 percent higher than black families, and 71 percent higher than Hispanic families. Among married-couple families, the white-black disparity is considerably smaller, with whites enjoying incomes that are only 16 percent higher. The disparity between whites and Hispanics remains almost as large for married-couple families, however, with white families having average incomes 61 percent higher than their Hispanic counterparts.
Since 1990, the income gap between black and white married couples with children has narrowed, while the incomes of Hispanic married couples with children have lagged behind both white and black married couples with children (see Figure ES 1.1.B). Consequently, black married-couple families earn significantly more than Hispanic married-couple families, with mean family incomes of $53,078 and $38,145, respectively, in 1995.
Among female-headed families, white families with children have an average income of $23,943 in 1995, which is 36 percent higher than that for similar black families ($17,645) and 50 percent higher than that for Hispanic families ($15,945).
Figure ES 1.1.A
Mean Family Income of Families with Children Under Age 18, 1975-1995 (in constant 1995 dollars)
有个表格考不下来，可查网址：
http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/97trends/Es1-1.htm
作者：非文人 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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